脑卒中是世界范围内第二大死亡原因和第三大死亡和残疾合并原因。按中风计算的全球经济负担估计每年超过8910亿美元。在三十年内(1990-2019年),发病率增加了70%,死亡人数为43%,患病率为102%,DALY下降了143%。在超过1亿受中风影响的人群中,全球记录的缺血性卒中(IS)患者约占76%.上下文中,缺血性卒中成为包括研究人员在内的多专业群体的特别关注焦点,医疗保健行业,经济学家,和政策制定者。缺血性卒中的危险因素表明,在初级(次优健康)和次级(临床表现为导致卒中风险的侧支疾病)护理中,有足够的成本效益的预防干预措施空间。这些风险是相互关联的。例如,久坐的生活方式和有毒的环境都会导致线粒体应激,全身性低度炎症和加速衰老;炎症是与加速衰老和卒中结局不良相关的低度炎症。应力过载,线粒体生物能下降和低镁血症与包括青少年在内的所有年龄段的心脏和大脑的系统性血管痉挛和缺血性病变相关。不平衡的饮食模式缺乏叶酸,但富含红色和加工肉类,精制谷物,含糖饮料与高同型半胱氨酸血症有关,全身性炎症,小血管疾病,并增加了IS风险。欧洲预测协会正在进行的针对人口中弱势群体的研究,预防和个性化医学(EPMA)证明了使用基于泪液的健康风险评估的整体患者友好的非侵入性方法的有希望的结果。线粒体作为重要的生物传感器和基于AI的多专业数据解释,由EPMA专家组在此报告。收集的数据表明,与IS相关的风险和相应的分子途径是相互关联的。例如,在糖尿病患者中,与IS相关的分子模式与作为IS风险早期指标的糖尿病视网膜病变之间存在明显重叠.只是举例说明其中的一些,如5-氨基乙酰丙酸/途径,这也是线粒体自噬模式改变的特征,失眠,微生物群-肠脑串扰的应激调节和调节。Further,神经酰胺被认为是心脏代谢疾病中氧化应激和炎症的介质,对线粒体呼吸链功能和裂变/融合活动产生负面影响,改变了睡眠-觉醒行为,血管僵硬和重塑。黄嘌呤/途径调节涉及线粒体稳态和压力驱动的焦虑样行为以及动脉僵硬的分子机制。为了评估个人健康风险,机器学习(AI工具)的应用对于通过多参数分析执行的准确数据解释至关重要。文件中提出的方面包括年轻人和老年人的需求,初级和二级保健中的个性化风险评估,成本效益,创新技术和筛选方案的应用,针对专业人员和普通人群的先进教育措施都是EPMA推动的整体IS管理中从被动医疗服务到下午3点的范式转变的重要支柱。
Worldwide stroke is the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of death and disability combined. The estimated global economic burden by stroke is over US$891 billion per year. Within three decades (1990-2019), the incidence increased by 70%, deaths by 43%, prevalence by 102%, and DALYs by 143%. Of over 100 million people affected by stroke, about 76% are ischemic stroke (IS) patients recorded worldwide. Contextually, ischemic stroke moves into particular focus of multi-professional groups including researchers, healthcare industry, economists, and policy-makers. Risk factors of ischemic stroke demonstrate sufficient space for cost-effective prevention interventions in primary (suboptimal health) and secondary (clinically manifested collateral disorders contributing to stroke risks) care. These risks are interrelated. For example, sedentary lifestyle and toxic environment both cause mitochondrial stress, systemic low-grade inflammation and accelerated ageing; inflammageing is a low-grade inflammation associated with accelerated ageing and poor stroke outcomes. Stress overload, decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics and hypomagnesaemia are associated with systemic vasospasm and ischemic lesions in heart and brain of all age groups including teenagers. Imbalanced dietary patterns poor in folate but rich in red and processed meat, refined grains, and sugary beverages are associated with hyperhomocysteinaemia, systemic inflammation, small vessel disease, and increased IS risks. Ongoing 3PM research towards vulnerable groups in the population promoted by the European Association for Predictive, Preventive and Personalised Medicine (EPMA) demonstrates promising results for the holistic patient-friendly non-invasive approach utilising tear fluid-based health risk assessment, mitochondria as a vital biosensor and AI-based multi-professional data interpretation as reported here by the EPMA expert group. Collected data demonstrate that IS-relevant risks and corresponding molecular pathways are interrelated. For examples, there is an evident overlap between molecular patterns involved in IS and diabetic retinopathy as an early indicator of IS risk in diabetic patients. Just to exemplify some of them such as the 5-aminolevulinic acid/pathway, which are also characteristic for an altered mitophagy patterns, insomnia, stress regulation and modulation of microbiota-gut-brain crosstalk. Further, ceramides are considered mediators of oxidative stress and inflammation in cardiometabolic disease, negatively affecting mitochondrial respiratory chain function and fission/fusion activity, altered sleep-wake behaviour, vascular stiffness and remodelling. Xanthine/pathway regulation is involved in mitochondrial homeostasis and stress-driven anxiety-like behaviour as well as molecular mechanisms of arterial stiffness. In order to assess individual health risks, an application of machine learning (AI tool) is essential for an accurate data interpretation performed by the multiparametric analysis. Aspects presented in the paper include the needs of young populations and elderly, personalised risk assessment in primary and secondary care, cost-efficacy, application of innovative technologies and screening programmes, advanced education measures for professionals and general population-all are essential pillars for the paradigm change from reactive medical services to 3PM in the overall IS management promoted by the EPMA.