Potential of salivary microbiota as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for various diseases are explained in the present review. Traditional diagnostic methods rely on blood, which has limitations in terms of collection and biomarker specificity. We discuss the concept of normal flora and how disruptions in oral microbiota can be indicative of diseases. Saliva, harboring a diverse microbial community, offers promise as a diagnostic biomarker source for oral and non-oral conditions. We delve into the role of microbial dysbiosis in disease pathogenesis and the prospects of using biological indicators like dysbiosis for diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring. This review also emphasizes the significance of saliva microbiota in advancing early disease detection and timely intervention. We addressed the following research question and objectives: Can the microbiota of saliva serve as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for the early detection and monitoring of both oral and non-oral diseases? To achieve this, we will explore the normal flora of microorganisms in the oral cavity, the impact of microbial dysbiosis, and the potential of using specific pathogenic microorganisms as biomarkers. Additionally, we will investigate the correlation between oral and non-oral diseases by analyzing total saliva or site-specific dental biofilms for signs of symbiosis or dysbiosis. This research seeks to contribute valuable insights into the development of a non-invasive diagnostic approach with broad applications in healthcare.

Microbial ecosystems experience spatial and nutrient restrictions leading to the coevolution of cooperation and competition among cohabiting species. To increase their fitness for survival, bacteria exploit machinery to antagonizing rival species upon close contact. As such, the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) nanomachinery, typically expressed by pathobionts, can transport proteins directly into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, consequently killing cohabiting competitors. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that oral symbiont Aggregatibacter aphrophilus possesses a T6SS and can eliminate its close relative oral pathobiont Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using its T6SS. These findings bring nearer the anti-bacterial prospects of symbionts against cohabiting pathobionts while introducing the presence of an active T6SS in the oral cavity.

UNASSIGNED: Endodontic microbial flora plays a pivotal role in the development and persistence of periodontal endodontic lesions (PELs). Understanding the composition and prevalence of microbial species in PELs is essential for effective treatment strategies.
UNASSIGNED: Microbial samples were collected from 50 teeth diagnosed with PELs. Sterile paper points were used to obtain samples from the root canals. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene to identify bacterial species. The obtained data were analyzed using statistical methods.
UNASSIGNED: The microbial analysis revealed a diverse range of bacterial species in PELs. The most prevalent species were Porphyromonas gingivalis (32.5%), Treponema denticola (28.0%), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (22.5%). Streptococcus mutans (9.0%) and Actinomyces naeslundii (8.0%) were also frequently detected. Additionally, Prevotella intermedia (7.0%), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (3.5%), and Enterococcus faecalis (2.5%) were present in lower frequencies.
UNASSIGNED: The presence of a diverse microbial flora in teeth with PELs underscores the polymicrobial nature of these lesions. The predominance of periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum suggests a strong association between periodontal and endodontic infections. A comprehensive understanding of the microbial profile in PELs is crucial for tailored therapeutic approaches targeting the specific pathogens involved.

To improve the methanogenic efficiency of lignite anaerobic fermentation and explore innovative approaches to sludge utilization, a co-fermentation technique involving lignite and sludge was employed for converting biomass into biomethane. Volatile suspended solids were introduced as a native enrichment of the sludge and mixed with lignite for fermentation. The synergistic fermentation mechanism between sludge and lignite for biomethane production was analyzed through biochemical methane potential experiments, measurement of various parameters pre- and post-fermentation, observation of bacterial population changes during the peak of reaction, carbon migration assessment, and evaluation of rheological characteristics. The results showed that the addition of sludge in the anaerobic fermentation process improved the microorganisms\' ability to degrade lignite and bolstered biomethane production. Notably, the maximum methane production recorded was 215.52 mL/g-volatile suspended solids, achieved at a sludge to coal ratio of 3:1, with a synergistic growth rate of 25.37%. Furthermore, the removal rates of total suspended solids, and total chemical oxygen demand exhibited an upward trend with an increasing percentage of sludge in the mixture. The relative abundance and activity of the methanogens population were found to increase with an appropriate ratio of sludge to lignite. This observation confirmed the migration of carbon between the solid-liquid-gas phases, promoting enhanced system affinity. Additionally, the changes in solid-liquid phase parameters before and after the reaction indicated that the addition of sludge improved the system\'s degradation capacity. The results of the study hold significant implications in realizing the resource utilization of sludge and lignite while contributing to environmental protection endeavors.

Most toxicity studies of prometryn in non-target aquatic animals have focused on hepatotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, embryonic developmental and growth toxicity, while studies on the molecular mechanisms of intestinal toxicity of prometryn are still unknown. In the current study, the intestinal tissues of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) were used to uncover the underlying molecular mechanisms of stress by 96-h acute in vivo exposure to prometryn. The results showed that prometryn activated the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway and up-regulated the expression of downstream antioxidant genes. Prometryn induced the expression of genes associated with non-specific immunity and autophagy, and induced apoptosis through the MAPK pathway. Interestingly, the significant up-or down-regulation of the above genes mainly occurred at 12 h- 24 h after exposure. Intestinal flora sequencing revealed that prometryn disrupted the intestinal normal barrier function mainly by reducing beneficial bacteria abundance, which further weakened the intestinal resistance to exogenous toxicants and caused an inflammatory response. Correlation analyses found that differential flora at the genus level had potential associations with gut stress-related genes. In conclusion, our study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms behind the intestinal stress caused by herbicides on aquatic crustaceans.

Background Reusable phlebotomy tourniquets may become contaminated through repeated use on the skin surfaces of multiple patients, the hands of healthcare workers, or various surfaces. Noncompliance with the protocol guidelines for managing tourniquets can contribute to the cross-transmission of microorganisms among patients. This study was conducted to determine the microbial flora and antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of reusable phlebotomy tourniquets. Methodology Tourniquets were randomly sampled across the different areas of the hospital and were transported to the microbiology laboratory for isolation, identification, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of microorganisms using standard microbiological techniques. Results The overall bacterial colonization rate of the 50 tourniquets was 80%. The most prevalent isolate on tourniquets was Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (9, 22.54%), followed by Micrococcus (6, 15%), Staphylococcus aureus (5, 12.5%), diphtheroid (5, 12.5%), Acinetobacter (4, 10%) Enterococcus (3, 7.5%), Pseudomonas (3, 7.5%), Bacillus (3, 7.5%), and Escherichia coli (2, 5%). Conclusions Regular surveillance and disinfection of reusable tourniquets in resource-poor settings are recommended to decrease healthcare infections and the transmission of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains.

UNASSIGNED: This study aimed to investigate the effects of photobiomodulation (PBM) and conditioned medium (CM) derived from human adipose-derived stem cells (h-ASCs), both individually and in combination, on the maturation stage of an ischemic infected delayed healing wound model (IIDHWM) in type I diabetic (TIDM) rats.
UNASSIGNED: The study involved the extraction of h-ASCs from donated fat, assessment of their immunophenotypic markers, cell culture, and extraction and concentration of CM from cultured 1 × 10^6 h-ASCs. TIDM was induced in 24 male adult rats, divided into four groups: control, CM group, PBM group (80 Hz, 0.2 J/cm2, 890 nm), and rats receiving both CM and PBM. Clinical and laboratory evaluations were conducted on days 4, 8, and 16, and euthanasia was performed using CO2 on day 16. Tensiometrical and stereological examinations were carried out using two wound samples from each rat.
UNASSIGNED: Across all evaluated factors, including wound closure ratio, microbiological, tensiometrical, and stereological parameters, similar patterns were observed. The outcomes of CM + PBM, PBM, and CM treatments were significantly superior in all evaluated parameters compared to the control group (p = 0.000 for all). Both PBM and CM + PBM treatments showed better tensiometrical and stereological results than CM alone (almost all, p = 0.000), and CM + PBM outperformed PBM alone in almost all aspects (p = 0.000). Microbiologically, both CM + PBM and PBM exhibited fewer colony-forming units (CFU) than CM alone (both, p = 0.000).
UNASSIGNED: PBM, CM, and CM + PBM interventions substantially enhanced the maturation stage of the wound healing process in IIDHWM of TIDM rats by mitigating the inflammatory response and reducing CFU count. Moreover, these treatments promoted new tissue formation in the wound bed and improved wound strength. Notably, the combined effects of CM + PBM surpassed the individual effects of CM and PBM.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01285-3.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to examine the accompanying and solo impacts of conditioned medium of human adipose-derived stem cells (h-ASC-COM) and photobiomodulation (PBM) on the maturation stage of an ischemic infected delayed-healing wound model (IIDHWM) of rats with type 2 diabetes (TIIDM).
RESULTS: Outcomes of the wound closure ratio (WCR) results, tensiometrical microbiological, and stereological assessment followed almost identical patterns. While the outcomes of h-ASC-COM + PBM, PBM only, and h-ASC-COM only regimes were significantly better for all evaluated methods than those of group 1(all, p < 0.001), PBM alone and h-ASC-COM + PBM therapy achieved superior results than h-ASC-COM only (ranged from p = 0.05 to p < 0.001). In terms of tensiometrical and stereological examinations, the results of h-ASC-COM + PBM experienced better results than the PBM only (all, p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: h-ASC-COM + PBM, PBM, and h-ASC-COM cures expressively accelerated the maturation stage in the wound healing process of IIDHWM with MRSA in TIIDM rats by diminishing the inflammatory reaction, and the microbial flora of MRSA; and increasing wound strength, WCR, number of fibroblasts, and new blood vessels. While the h-ASC-COM + PBM and PBM were more suitable than the effect of h-ASC-COM, the results of h-ASC-COM + PBM were superior to PBM only.

Microbial flora plays an important role in microorganism-enhanced technology. The pollutant degradation ability and viable counts of these agents are crucial to guarantee their practical application. In this study, an efficient pollutant-degrading microbial flora was screened, its medium components and culture conditions were optimized, and its effect was verified in zeolite trickling filter towers. After a 24 h culture under the optimal conditions, the viable count reached 4.76 × 109 cfu/mL, with the degradation rates of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased to 93.5%, 100%, 68.3%, 32.6%, and 85%, respectively. After optimizing the feeding strategy, the concentration of viable bacteria reached 5.80 × 109 cfu/mL. In the application effect verification experiment, the degradation rates of NH4+-N, TN, TP, and COD in the experimental group reached 96.69%, 75.18%, 73.82%, and 90.83%, respectively, showing a significant improvement compared to the results of the control group. The main components in the control group were Dokdonella, Brevundimonas, Alishewanella, Rhodobacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, and Thauera, whereas those in the experimental group were Dokdonella, Proteocatella, Rhodobacter, Dechlomonas, and Nitrospira. Proteocatella, Dechlomonas, and Nitrosra, which were unique to the experimental group, are common bacteria used for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. This explains the difference in the sewage treatment capacity between the two groups. This study provides an alternative sewage treatment microbial flora with a reasonable production cost and high degradation efficiency for NH4+-N, TN, TP, and COD.

The beneficial microorganisms in food are diverse and complex in structure. These beneficial microorganisms can produce different and unique flavors in the process of food fermentation. The unique flavor of these fermented foods is mainly produced by different raw and auxiliary materials, fermentation technology, and the accumulation of flavor substances by dominant microorganisms during fermentation. The succession and metabolic accumulation of microbial flora significantly impacts the distinctive flavor of fermented foods. The investigation of the role of microbial flora changes in the production of flavor substances during fermentation can reveal the potential connection between microbial flora succession and the formation of key flavor compounds. This paper reviewed the evolution of microbial flora structure as food fermented and the key volatile compounds that contribute to flavor in the food system and their potential relationship. Further, it was a certain guiding significance for food industrial production.