OBJECTIVE: This clinical study aimed to evaluate the difference in the time of application phase, employing the conventional and modified direct orthodontic bonding method.
METHODS: Thirty patients who needed orthodontic therapy with fixed appliances were randomly divided into two equal groups (n = 15): the control and experimental group, according to the bonding method applied. A total of 600 metal brackets inch slot 0.022 (Mini Sprint®, Forestadent, Germany) were bonded to incisors, canines, and premolars using the light-cured adhesive Transbond XT (3M Unitek, Monrovia, CA, USA). The failure rates of the brackets were evaluated within 12 months. The independent samples t-test was applied. The Chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used for statistical analysis.
RESULTS: The initial bonding time using the modified method was significantly shorter (3.27 min or 17.1% per patient) compared with the conventional bonding method (p < 0.001). Number of failed brackets between the two methods did not differ significantly (p = 0.226).
CONCLUSIONS: The time of the application phase in initial bonding using the modified method (experimental group) was shorter than in control group. There was no statistically significant difference in the number of bond failures between the two methods.
CONCLUSIONS: The modified application phase of direct orthodontic bracket placement shortens the total bonding time and facilitates the manual work of orthodontists.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate and compare the effect of different types of bleaching dentifrices on the shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets bonded by light-cured composite adhesive to human teeth.
METHODS: Forty-five human premolar teeth were randomly divided into three groups, receiving the following treatments: Group 1 (control group; teeth in this group were not bleached), Group 2 (teeth in this group were treated with active oxygen bleaching dentifrice), and Group 3 (teeth in this group were treated with peroxide bleaching dentifrice). Orthodontic brackets were bonded using a light-cured composite adhesive. A universal measuring device was used to assess the shear bond strength with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. One-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey tests, and an independent t-test were used to analyse the data.
RESULTS: There was a highly significant difference (p≤0.001) in the mean shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to untreated teeth as compared to teeth treated with bleaching dentifrice. There was no significant difference in the mean shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to teeth treated with peroxide bleaching dentifrice or active oxygen bleaching dentifrice.
CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant reduction in the mean shear bond strength of orthodontic metal brackets when bonded to human teeth treated with bleaching dentifrices.

UNASSIGNED: To compare incisor angulation and/or position changes among orthodontically treated patients with metal brackets and clear aligners.
UNASSIGNED: A total of sixty-two participants of both sexes, aged-16-40 years old, with CL I skeletal pattern and mild crowding following strict eligibility criteria were included. The patients were divided into two groups based on their treatment approach. Pre and post lateral cephalograms were collected from Riyadh Elm University (REU) and then digitally analyzed using WEBCEPH (Medical Image Analysis) software. Eight angular and two linear measurements were used for the assessment.
UNASSIGNED: The upper incisor angulation and position showed statistically significant differences when orthodontic clear aligners were used. In contrast, no significant difference was observed with the conventional orthodontic treatment. However, the upper incisal palatal root torque decreased after clear aligner therapy compared to conventional treatment. The inter-incisal angle demonstrated a significant increase with clear aligners compared to conventional treatment.
UNASSIGNED: The current study revealed the importance of definitive guidelines upon and after treatment, in addition to determining incisor changes. Orthodontic clear aligners are distinct from conventional treatments in controlling the incisors\' angulation and position. The expansion treatment modality precedes Interproximal reduction in increasing the arch perimeter.

UNASSIGNED: In this, in vitro study\'s objective is to assess the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets that have been adhered to enamel using a conventional acid etch/primer and self-etching primer (SEP) adhesive method.
UNASSIGNED: One hundred excised human premolars were bonded on brackets and were divided into group 1 -Metal brackets were bonded on teeth and group 2 -Ceramic brackets were bonded on teeth. These two groups were further subdivided: subgroup 1a - 25 metal brackets bonded using conventional acid etch/primer adhesive system, subgroup 1b - 25 metal brackets bonded using SEP, subgroup 2a - 25 ceramic brackets bonded using conventional acid etch/primer adhesive system, and subgroup 2b - 25 ceramic brackets bonded using SEP; brackets were debonded using a computerized Instron universal testing machine.
UNASSIGNED: The mean value of SBS of metal and ceramic brackets bonded using conventional acid etch/primer adhesive systems had higher SBS than those bonded using SEP. SBS ranged from 7.95 to 12.24 MPa which was in the acceptable clinical range.
UNASSIGNED: SBS values of all four subgroups exceeded the range of 6-8 MPa observed to be acceptable for routine clinical use.

UNASSIGNED: Self-adhering composites are claimed to bond to teeth without prior acid etching and bonding steps. This study aimed to evaluate the cyclic shear fatigue (CSF) of metal orthodontic brackets bonded to enamel using self-adhering flowable composites (Constic and VertiseTM Flow) in comparison with that of total-etch and self-etch adhesives.
UNASSIGNED: Twenty-five human premolars comprising 100 surfaces were randomly divided into four groups (n = 25): total-etch, self-etch, Constic, and VertiseTM Flow. A total of 10 surfaces were used per group for baseline static shear bond strength (SSBS) evaluation and 15 surfaces for CSF evaluation. Each tooth was treated with the four bonding agents. Both SSBS and CSF were evaluated using a universal testing machine. For CSF, the staircase method was used with an initial pulling load equivalent to 60% of the SSBS of each group for 1000 cycles or until failure. The adhesive remaining index (ARI) was evaluated for surviving samples using a stereomicroscope.
UNASSIGNED: A one-way ANOVA with Tukey\'s post hoc test was used to analyze the CSF data, and a chi-square test was used to analyze the ARI.
UNASSIGNED: The total-etch adhesive showed significantly higher CSF values than that of the other groups (p < 0.001). Both total-etch (10.78 ± 0.31 MPa) and self-etch (6.75 ± 0.91 MPa) adhesives showed significantly higher CSF than did Constic (1.94 ± 0.31 MPa) and VertiseTM Flow (2.01 ± 0.25 MPa), (p < 0.001). The ARI indicated that more resin remnants were observed with the total-etch and self-etch adhesives than those with the self-adhering flowable composites. However, no significant differences were observed among groups (p > 0.05).
UNASSIGNED: Total-etch and self-etch adhesives showed satisfactory bond strengths for orthodontic treatment. However, Constic and VertiseTM Flow self-adhering flowable composites may not be clinically sufficient for bonding metallic orthodontic brackets to enamel.

Successful orthodontic therapy, apart from a proper treatment plan, depends on optimal bracket-enamel adhesion. Among numerous factors affecting adhesion, the type of bracket and preparation of the tooth\'s surface are crucial. The aim of this study was to compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal and ceramic brackets to the enamel\'s surface using direct bonding. Forty extracted human premolars were divided into four groups according to the etching method (etch-and-rinse and self-etch) and bracket type. The SBS and adhesive remnant index (ARI) were determined. The ceramic brackets achieved the highest SBS values both in the self-etch (SE) and etch-and-rinse (ER) protocols. Higher SBS values for ceramic and metallic brackets were found in the ER protocol. In all tested groups, the achieved SBS value was satisfactory to withstand orthodontic and occlusal forces. There was no significant difference in the ARI score between study groups (p = 0.71). The fracture occurred between the bracket base and adhesive material in both types of brackets, which decreased the risk of enamel damage during debonding.

Aim and objectives The aim of this in-vitro study is to evaluate and compare the effect of various mouth rinsing agents on frictional resistance through sliding mechanics among orthodontic metal brackets and stainless steel (SS) archwire. Materials and methods Each group comprised 15 samples of maxillary first premolar pre-adjusted edgewise SS movable, un-bonded brackets (Koden Inc., United States) which were welded with a power arm, where 100 g of the load was suspended. Brackets were ligated with elastic modules (Koden Inc., United States) onto the perspex sheet along with 0.019\" x 0.025\" SS archwire (Classic Orthodontics, United States) and were suspended from the upper component of the Instron machine. The coefficient of friction was tested in dry conditions (control), artificial saliva (AS) (Wet Mouth, ICPA Health Product Ltd., India), 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) mouthwash (Hexidine, ICPA Health Product Ltd., India), 0.05% sodium fluoride (NaF) mouthwash (ACT Anti-Cavity Fluoride Mouthwash, Sanofi Company, United States), charcoal (CC) mouthwash (Hello Activated Charcoal Extra Freshening Mouthwash, Hello Products LLC, United States) and ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil (O3) (O3 Essentials, Health Ranger Store, United States). In order to calculate the coefficient of friction, 50 L was added to the test sample while moving at a 5 mm/min crosshead speed. The groups were compared using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey\'s post hoc analysis was performed for multiple pairwise comparisons. Results The coefficient of friction with the highest mean values was observed with the control group (2.01), followed by AS (1.79), and the least with O3 (1.15). Statistically significant differences were observed with almost all groups of mouth rinsing agents, but NaF is significant with CHG and CC. However, CHG did not have any significant difference from CC. Conclusions Lower coefficient of frictional values were observed with the ozone-infused oil-pulling solution with coconut oil during sliding mechanics between metal brackets and stainless steel archwire. Almost all the mouth rinsing agents showed a significantly different coefficient of friction value.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this in-vitro study was to observe and analyze the various enamel surface changes that occur due to laser debonding of metal and ceramic brackets, done by means of Er, Cr:YSGG laser.
METHODS: 90 extracted premolars were randomly allocated into one of six groups with 15 teeth each. The groups represent metal brackets (Groups A1, A2, A3) and ceramic brackets (Groups B1, B2, B3). Each sub-group represents the mode of debonding used in the study. Debonded teeth were analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 80X and at 1000X magnification at three sites. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were analyzed and the presence of enamel damage was observed.
RESULTS: ARI showed high score in Groups A1 and B1. SEM images of large composite remnants at the site of bracket in Groups A1 and B1 at the site of bracket and multiple enamel microcracks and fractures at interface and enamel adjacent to bracket in Groups A1 and B1. SEM images of minimal composite remnants at the site of bracket in Groups A2, A3, B2, and B3 and little to no presence of enamel microcracks or fractures at interface and enamel adjacent to bracket in Groups A2, A3, B2, and B3.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of Er, Cr:YSGG laser in orthodontic practice, especially in the debonding procedures of orthodontic brackets provide quality care to patient with minimal post-treatment damages.

Plaque control remains a concern in oral health but also in orthodontics.
The aim of this paper was to investigate the dental plaque adhesion to different orthodontic appliances.
Four literature reviews were initiated to clarify the accumulation of dental plaque to different orthodontic appliances, namely the type of brackets (conventional versus self-ligating, metal versus clear), the type of ligatures (metal versus elastomeric) in addition to the type of archwires. Moreover, a gallery of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images was made on different orthodontic appliances before and/or after time in the oral cavity.
Considering the strong methodological heterogeneity of the included studies, there is no consensus on which type of bracket should be preferred for the prevention of plaque retention. Metal ligatures would be less prone to plaque accumulation compared to elastomeric ligatures, which are themselves color-dependent. The type of archwire was not investigated in this topic. SEM images highlighted the presence of anfractuosities on the surface of new orthodontic archwires as well as the presence of biofilm at different degrees of maturation on the appliances after time in the oral cavity.
Although it is not possible to establish a consensus on which orthodontic appliances should be preferred to decrease plaque retention, different stages of biofilm evolution are observable on their surface and therefore potentially associated with a proportional virulence.
Le contrôle de la plaque dentaire reste une préoccupation en santé bucco-dentaire mais aussi en orthodontie.
Le but de cet article était d’investiguer l’adhésion de la plaque dentaire sur différents dispositifs orthodontiques.
Quatre revues de la littérature ont été réalisées afin d’étudier l’adhésion de la plaque dentaire sur différents dispositifs orthodontiques, à savoir le type d’attaches (conventionnelles versus autoligaturantes ; métalliques versus céramiques), le type de ligatures (métalliques versus élastomériques) et, enfin, le type d’arcs. Une galerie d’images obtenues par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB) a également été réalisée sur différents dispositifs orthodontiques avant et/ou après vie en bouche.
Tenant compte de la forte hétérogénéité méthodologique des études incluses, privilégier un type d’attaches dans la prévention de la rétention de la plaque dentaire ne fait pas l’objet d’un consensus. Les ligatures métalliques seraient moins sujettes à l’accumulation de la plaque dentaire par rapport aux ligatures élastomériques, elle-même dépendantes de leur couleur. Le type d’arcs n’a pas fait l’objet d’investigations sur cette thématique. Les images MEB mettaient en lumière la présence d’anfractuosités à la surface des arcs orthodontiques neufs, ainsi que la présence d’un biofilm à différents degrés de maturation sur les dispositifs après vie en bouche.
Bien qu’il ne soit pas possible d’établir un consensus sur les dispositifs orthodontiques à privilégier pour diminuer la rétention de la plaque dentaire, différents stades d’évolution du biofilm sont observables à leur surface et donc potentiellement associés à une virulence proportionnelle.

Background. Clear aligners have become a treatment alternative to metal brackets in recent years due to the advantages of aesthetics, comfort, and oral health improvement. Nevertheless, few studies have analyzed the clinical characteristics and dental indices of orthodontic patients using aligners or brackets. Methods. A total of 170 patients received orthodontic treatment at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in 2021. Patients were stratified by types of treatment (Invisalign® clear aligner (n = 60) or metal bracket (n = 110). Results: Patients were aged 26.1 ± 7.2 years, and most were female (75.0%). The Invisalign® group was older than the bracket group (p = 0.003). The skeletal relationships were mainly Class I (49.4%), followed by Class II (30.0%) and Class III (20.6%). The molar relationships were primarily Class I (38.8%), followed by Class II (37.1%) and Class III (24.1%). The decayed, missing, and filled tooth (DMFT) index was 9.9 ± 6.0, including 2.1 ± 2.9 for decayed teeth, 0.5 ± 1.1 for missing teeth, and 7.3 ± 4.3 for filled teeth. There were no significant differences in the DMFT index or skeletal and molar relationships between the groups (p > 0.05). The index of complexity outcome and need (ICON) was 56.8 ± 13.5, and the score was lower in the Invisalign® group than in the bracket group (p = 0.002). Among the variables included in the ICON assessment, only the aesthetic variable was lower in the Invisalign® group than in the bracket group (p < 0.001). The Frankfort-mandibular plane angle was 27.9 ± 5.1 degrees. Finally, the E-line of the lower lip was lower in the Invisalign® group than in the bracket group (1.5 ± 2.4 versus 2.8 ± 3.1, p = 0.005). Conclusions. Older patients showed a greater intention to choose Invisalign® treatment for improving the appearance of their teeth than younger patients, who chose metal bracket treatment. The demand for Invisalign® aligner treatment for aesthetic reasons was substantial. A soft tissue profile with more protrusive lower lips and a greater need for orthodontic treatment was found in the bracket group.