Mammalian dentition exhibits distinct heterodonty, with more simple teeth located in the anterior area of the jaw and more complex teeth situated posteriorly. While some region-specific differences in signalling have been described previously, here we performed a comprehensive analysis of gene expression at the early stages of odontogenesis to obtain complete knowledge of the signalling pathways involved in early jaw patterning. Gene expression was analysed separately on anterior and posterior areas of the lower jaw at two early stages (E11.5 and E12.5) of odontogenesis. Gene expression profiling revealed distinct region-specific expression patterns in mouse mandibles, including several known BMP and FGF signalling members and we also identified several new molecules exhibiting significant differences in expression along the anterior-posterior axis, which potentially can play the role during incisor and molar specification. Next, we followed one of the anterior molecules, SATB2, which was expressed not only in the anterior mesenchyme where incisor germs are initiated, however, we uncovered a distinct SATB2-positive region in the mesenchyme closely surrounding molars. Satb2-deficient animals demonstrated defective incisor development confirming a crucial role of SATB2 in formation of anterior teeth. On the other hand, ectopic tooth germs were observed in the molar area indicating differential effect of Satb2-deficiency in individual jaw regions. In conclusion, our data provide a rich source of fundamental information, which can be used to determine molecular regulation driving early embryonic jaw patterning and serve for a deeper understanding of molecular signalling directed towards incisor and molar development.

BACKGROUND: It is known that the neurodevelopmental disorder associated gene, Satb2, plays important roles in determining the upper layer neuron specification. However, it is not well known how this gene regulates other neocortical regions during the development. It is also lack of comprehensive delineation of its spatially regulatory pathways in neocortical development.
RESULTS: In this work, we utilized spatial transcriptomics and immuno-staining to systematically investigate the region-specific gene regulation of Satb2 by comparing the Satb2+/+ and Satb2-/- mice at embryonic stages, including the ventricle zone (VZ) or subventricle zone (SVZ), intermediate zone (IZ) and cortical plate (CP) respectively. The staining result reveals that these three regions become moderately or significantly thinner in the Satb2-/- mice. In the cellular level, the cell number increases in the VZ/SVZ, whereas the cell number decreases in the CP. The spatial transcriptomics data show that many important genes and relevant pathways are dysregulated in Satb2-/- mice in a region-specific manner. In the VZ/SVZ, the key genes involved in neural precursor cell proliferation, including the intermediate progenitor marker Tbr2 and the lactate production related gene Ldha, are up-regulated in Satb2-/- mice. In the IZ, the key genes in regulating neuronal differentiation and migration, such as Rnd2, exhibit ectopic expressions in the Satb2-/- mice. In the CP, the lineage-specific genes, Tbr1 and Bcl11b, are abnormally expressed. The neuropeptide related gene Npy is down-regulated in Satb2-/- mice. Finally, we validated the abnormal expressions of key regulators by using immunofluorescence or qPCR.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, our work provides insights on the region-specific genes and pathways which are regulated by Satb2 in neocortical development.

Special AT-rich sequence binding protein-2 (SATB2) is a nuclear matrix protein that binds to nuclear attachment regions and is involved in chromatin remodeling and transcription regulation. In stem cells, it regulates the expression of genes required for maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In this study, we examined the oncogenic role of SATB2 in prostate cancer and assessed whether overexpression of SATB2 in human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrECs) induces properties of cancer stem cells (CSCs). The results demonstrate that SATB2 is highly expressed in prostate cancer cell lines and CSCs, but not in PrECs. Overexpression of SATB2 in PrECs induces cellular transformation which was evident by the formation of colonies in soft agar and spheroids in suspension. Overexpression of SATB2 in PrECs also resulted in induction of stem cell markers (CD44 and CD133), pluripotency-maintaining transcription factors (cMYC, OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and NANOG), CADHERIN switch, and EMT-related transcription factors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that SATB2 can directly bind to promoters of BCL-2, BSP, NANOG, MYC, XIAP, KLF4, and HOXA2, suggesting SATB2 is capable of directly regulating pluripotency/self-renewal, cell survival, and proliferation. Since prostate CSCs play a crucial role in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis, we also examined the effects of SATB2 knockdown on stemness. SATB2 knockdown in prostate CSCs inhibited spheroid formation, cell viability, colony formation, cell motility, migration, and invasion compared to their scrambled control groups. SATB2 knockdown in CSCs also upregulated the expression of E-CADHERIN and inhibited the expression of N-CADHERIN, SNAIL, SLUG, and ZEB1. The expression of SATB2 was significantly higher in prostate adenocarcinoma compared to normal tissues. Overall, our data suggest that SATB2 acts as an oncogenic factor where it is capable of inducing malignant changes in PrECs by inducing CSC characteristics.

暂无摘要。

The mammalian neocortex comprises an enormous diversity regarding cell types, morphology, and connectivity. In this work, we discover a post-transcriptional mechanism of gene expression regulation, protein translation, as a determinant of cortical neuron identity. We find specific upregulation of protein synthesis in the progenitors of later-born neurons and show that translation rates and concomitantly protein half-lives are inherent features of cortical neuron subtypes. In a small molecule screening, we identify Ire1α as a regulator of Satb2 expression and neuronal polarity. In the developing brain, Ire1α regulates global translation rates, coordinates ribosome traffic, and the expression of eIF4A1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the Satb2 mRNA translation requires eIF4A1 helicase activity towards its 5\'-untranslated region. Altogether, we show that cortical neuron diversity is generated by mechanisms operating beyond gene transcription, with Ire1α-safeguarded proteostasis serving as an essential regulator of brain development.

目的： 探讨消化道转移性女性生殖系统来源的恶性肿瘤临床病理及免疫表型特征。 方法： 收集武汉大学人民医院2020—2023年诊治的7例及三亚市中心医院2021—2022年诊治的3例肠镜活检标本，分析10例结直肠转移性女性生殖系统来源的恶性肿瘤的临床病理资料，观察其组织形态及免疫表型特征，并复习相关文献。 结果： 在结直肠继发的肿瘤中，高级别浆液性癌（high grade serous carcinoma，HGSC）8例，低级别浆液性癌（low grade serous carcinoma，LGSC）1例，人乳头状瘤病毒（HPV）相关性宫颈腺癌1例。年龄40~69岁，平均57岁，均位于结直肠，临床表现以消化道症状为主，血中肿瘤标志物CA125升高。镜下观察，肿瘤均分布在黏膜固有层及黏膜肌层，浆液性癌以微乳头结构为主，转移性宫颈腺癌呈管状、绒毛状腺癌排列。免疫表型，浆液性癌肿瘤细胞表达细胞角蛋白（CK）7、PAX8、WT-1、雌激素受体，高级别浆液性癌p53为突变型，p16弥漫强阳性或高表达；低级别浆液性癌p53为野生型；宫颈腺癌CK7、PAX8、p16呈弥漫一致的强阳性表达。所有病例SATB2、CK20、CDX2均阴性，Ki-67阳性指数50%~80%。 结论： 在缺乏临床肿瘤病史的前提下，对于结直肠内镜活检组织明确诊断继发性恶性肿瘤具有挑战性，再者因内镜表现与原发癌相似，增加了诊断难度。二者的治疗方案及预后均不同，需提高对该类病变的认识，以提供更精准及时的治疗方案。.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of primary mucinous gland lesions of the fallopian tubes. Methods: The clinical data, pathomorphological characteristics and immunophenotype of 14 cases of primary mucinous gland lesions of the fallopian tube diagnosed at Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from 2015 to 2023 were analyzed retrospectively. In addition, a comprehensive review of relevant literature was conducted. Results: The age of 14 patients ranged from 53 to 83 years, with an average of 65 years. Among them, 13 cases exhibited unilateral involvement while one case showed bilateral presentation. Nine cases were mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tube, four cases were invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma and one case was mucinous carcinoma in situ. Morphologically, mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tube was focal, with or without inflammation. The cells of mucinous adenocarcinoma or mucinous carcinoma in situ exhibited characteristics indicative of gastrointestinal differentiation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed diffuse positive expression of CK7, and negative expression of SATB2. CDX2 demonstrated positive staining in two cases. One case exhibited diffuse and strongly positive mutant expression of p53, whereas the remaining cases displayed wild-type expression. MUC6 showed diffuse or focally positive staining in mucinous gland lesions characterized by gastric differentiation. Some cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma of fallopian tube were subject to AB-PAS staining, resulting in red to purple cytoplasmic staining. Conclusions: Primary mucinous lesions of the fallopian tube are exceedingly uncommon. All cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma of fallopian tubes in this study exhibit the morphology and immunohistochemical characteristics of gastrointestinal differentiation. Mucinous metaplasia of the fallopian tube is a benign lesion of incidental finding, which is closely related to inflammation or gastric differentiation. Mucinous lesions of cervix, ovary and digestive tract are excluded in all patients, confirming the independent existence of mucinous lesions within fallopian tubes.
目的： 探讨输卵管原发性黏液腺体病变的临床病理学特征。 方法： 回顾性分析复旦大学附属妇产科医院2015—2023年诊治的14例输卵管原发性黏液腺体病变的临床资料、病理形态学特征及免疫表型特点，并复习相关文献。 结果： 14例患者年龄53~83岁，平均65岁。13例为单侧，1例为双侧。9例为输卵管黏液上皮化生，4例为浸润性黏液腺癌，1例为黏液性原位癌。镜下观察，输卵管黏液上皮化生呈局灶性，伴或不伴有炎症。输卵管黏液腺癌或原位癌细胞具有胃肠型分化的黏液上皮特征。免疫组织化学显示所有病例细胞角蛋白（CK）7均阳性，SATB2均阴性。2例CDX2阳性表达，1例局灶表达CK20。1例p53呈弥漫强阳性突变型表达，余均呈野生型表达。伴有胃型分化的黏液腺体病变MUC6弥漫或局灶阳性。部分输卵管黏液腺癌行阿辛蓝-过碘酸雪夫染色，细胞质呈红至紫红色。 结论： 输卵管原发性黏液性病变非常罕见，本组输卵管黏液腺癌均见胃肠型分化形态及免疫组织化学特征，输卵管黏液上皮化生为偶然发现的良性病变，与炎症或胃型分化相关。所有患者均排除宫颈、卵巢及消化道黏液性病变，从而证实输卵管黏液性病变是可以独立存在的。.

Aging leads to an accumulation of cellular mutations and damage, increasing the risk of senescence, apoptosis, and malignant transformation. Cellular senescence, which is pivotal in aging, acts as both a guard against cellular transformation and as a check against cancer progression. It is marked by stable cell cycle arrest, widespread macromolecular changes, a pro-inflammatory profile, and altered gene expression. However, it remains to be determined whether these differing subsets of senescent cells result from unique intrinsic programs or are influenced by their environmental contexts. Multiple transcription regulators and chromatin modifiers contribute to these alterations. Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) stands out as a crucial regulator in this process, orchestrating gene expression by structuring chromatin into loop domains and anchoring DNA elements. This review provides an overview of cellular senescence and delves into the role of SATB1 in senescence-related diseases. It highlights SATB1\'s potential in developing antiaging and anticancer strategies, potentially contributing to improved quality of life and addressing aging-related diseases.

SATB1 (MIM #602075) is a relatively new gene reported only in recent years in association with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by variable facial dysmorphisms, global developmental delay, poor or absent speech, altered electroencephalogram (EEG), and brain abnormalities on imaging. To date about thirty variants in forty-four patients/children have been described, with a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical manifestations. In the present study, we describe a new patient affected by mild intellectual disability, speech disorder, and non-specific abnormalities on EEG and neuroimaging. Family studies identified a new de novo frameshift variant c.1818delG (p.(Gln606Hisfs*101)) in SATB1. To better define genotype-phenotype associations in the different types of reported SATB1 variants, we reviewed clinical data from our patient and from the literature and compared manifestations (epileptic activity, EEG abnormalities and abnormal brain imaging) due to missense variants versus those attributable to loss-of-function/premature termination variants. Our analyses showed that the latter variants are associated with less severe, non-specific clinical features when compared with the more severe phenotypes due to missense variants. These findings provide new insights into SATB1-related disorders.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease caused by T-cell dysfunction. Recently, several studies have shown that a disturbed Th17/Treg balance contributes to the development of ITP. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA moleculesthat posttranscriptionally regulate gene expression. Emerging evidences have demonstrated that miRNAs play an important role in regulating the Th17/Treg balance. In the present study, we found that miR-641 was upregulated in ITP patients. In primary T cells, overexpression of miR-641 could cause downregulation of its target genes STIM1 and SATB1, thus inducing a Th17 (upregulated)/Treg (downregulated) imbalance. Inhibition of miR-641 by a miR-641 sponge in primary T cells of ITP patients or by antagomiR-641 in an ITP murine model could cause upregulation of STIM1 and SATB1, thus restoring Th17/Treg homeostasis. These results suggested that the miR-641-STIM/SATB1 axis plays an important role in regulating the Th17/Treg balance in ITP.