UNASSIGNED: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in women globally. Significant progress has been made in developing structural nanoparticles (NPs) and formulations for targeted smart drug delivery (SDD) of pharmaceuticals, improving the precision of tumor cell targeting in therapy.
UNASSIGNED: Magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) treatment using magneto-liposomes (MLs) has emerged as a promising adjuvant cancer therapy.
UNASSIGNED: CoFe2O4 magnetic NPs (MNPs) were conjugated with nanoliposomes to form MLs, and the anticancer drug quercetin (Que) was loaded into MLs, forming Que-MLs composites for antitumor approach. The aim was to prepare Que-MLs for DD systems (DDS) under an alternating magnetic field (AMF), termed chemotherapy/hyperthermia (chemo-HT) techniques. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading capacity (DL), and drug release (DR) of Que and Que-MLs were evaluated.
UNASSIGNED: The results confirmed successful Que-loading on the surface of MLs, with an average diameter of 38 nm and efficient encapsulation into MLs (69%). In vitro, experimental results on MCF-7 breast cells using MHT showed high cytotoxic effects of novel Que-MLs on MCF-7 cells. Various analyses, including cytotoxicity, apoptosis, cell migration, western blotting, fluorescence imaging, and cell membrane internalization, were conducted. The Acridine Orange-ethidium bromide double fluorescence test identified 35% early and 55% late apoptosis resulting from Que-MLs under the chemo-HT group. TEM results indicated MCF-7 cell membrane internalization and digestion of Que-MLs, suggesting the presence of early endosome-like vesicles on the cytoplasmic periphery.
UNASSIGNED: Que-MLs exhibited multi-modal chemo-HT effects, displaying high toxicity against MCF-7 BC cells and showing promise as a potent cytotoxic agent for BC chemotherapy.

Chestnut and chestnut byproducts are of worldwide interest, so there is a constant need to develop faster and more accurate monitoring techniques. Recent advances in simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) algorithms and user accessibility have led to increased use of handheld mobile laser scanning (HHLS) in precision agriculture. We propose a tree growth monitoring methodology, based on HHLS point cloud processing, that calculates the length of branches through spatial discretization of the point cloud for each tree. The methodology was tested by comparing two point clouds collected almost simultaneously for each of a set of sweet chestnut trees. The results obtained indicated that our HHLS method was reliable and accurate in efficiently monitoring sweet chestnut tree growth. The same methodology was used to calculate the growth of the same set of trees over 37 weeks (from spring to winter). Differences in week 0 and week 37 scans showed an approximate mean growth of 0.22 m, with a standard deviation of around 0.16 m reflecting heterogeneous tree growth.

The dynamics of animal social structures are heavily influenced by environmental patterns of competition and cooperation. In folivorous colobine primates, prevailing theories suggest that larger group sizes should be favored in rainforests with a year-round abundance of food, thereby reducing feeding competition. Yet, paradoxically, larger groups are frequently found in high-altitude or high-latitude montane ecosystems characterized by a seasonal scarcity of leaves. This contradiction is posited to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments. To investigate this hypothesis, we carried out a six-year field study on two neighboring groups of golden snub-nosed monkey ( Rhinopithecus roxellana), a species representing the northernmost distribution of colobine primates. Results showed that the groups adjusted their movement and habitat selection in response to fluctuating climates and spatiotemporal variability of resources, indicative of a dynamic foraging strategy. Notably, during the cold, resource-scarce conditions in winter, the large group occupied food-rich habitats but did not exhibit significantly longer daily travel distances than the smaller neighboring group. Subsequently, we compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to explore their evolutionary trajectories. Analysis of this dataset suggested that the increase in group size may have evolved via home range expansion in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates found at higher altitudes or latitudes. Hence, we developed a multi-benefits framework to interpret the formation of larger groups by integrating environmental heterogeneity. In cold and diverse environments, even smaller groups require larger home ranges to meet their dynamic survival needs. The spatiotemporal distribution of high-quality resources within these expanded home ranges facilitates more frequent interactions between groups, thereby encouraging social aggregation into larger groups. This process enhances the benefits of collaborative actions and reproductive opportunities, while simultaneously optimizing travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.
环境中动物的竞争与合作模式影响其社会形态。经典模型预测植食性灵长类在植物资源丰富的地区如热带雨林，食物竞争较小，倾向于形成大群。实际观察模式却显示大群常出现在植物季节性凋落的高海拔或高纬度山地生态系统。栖息地异质性假说认为该矛盾可能来源于异质性环境中的集体合作收益。为检验该假说，我们首先以植食性灵长类中分布最北的川金丝猴( Rhinopithecus roxellana)为对象，对两个不同规模的邻域猴群进行了连续6年的野外追踪。家域分析发现两个猴群均采取动态觅食策略，即根据季节性气候变化和时空异质的食物资源实时调整移动行为，选择食物丰富多样的高质量栖息地作为核心家域。群间比较显示，大群中有显著更多的性成熟个体，栖息于食物更丰富的斑块，且冬季未发生显著更长距离的觅食性移动。我们进一步构建含52个物种的疣猴亚科行为-生态数据集以确定演化路径。其中一种路径显示高海拔高纬度环境中的寒冷及季节性气候可促进家域面积增大，从而间接导致群体规模增加。因此，我们引入一个综合栖息地异质性假说的多重利益框架来解释金丝猴大型群体的形成。在寒冷、资源异质的环境中，即使小群也需要超大家域满足动态生存需求。在这样的超大家域中，高质量食物的时空特异性使得原始小群间相遇概率增加，集体行动可获得较高的食物和繁殖机会等多重收益，并且可通过动态觅食策略控制移动成本，从而促进社会聚集为大型群体。.

The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown has led to the significant reductions in the pollutant levels across the globe. Several studies have been carried out for examining and quantifying the improvement in the air quality due to the reduction of the pollution at the surface. Unlike most of the studies carried out earlier on COVID-19 lockdown, this study investigates the role of the dynamics on the vertical distribution of the trace gases (Carbonmonoxide (CO), Water Vapor (WV) and Ozone (O3)) over India in the Boundary Layer (BL), Middle Troposphere (MT) and Upper Troposphere (UT) during COVID-19 lockdown using satellite observations and re-analysis data products obtained during 2010-2020. Substantial differences in the time series and variability have been observed over different zones of India in different atmospheric layers. The changes observed in these species are large over Central India compared to South India and Indo-Gangetic plain regions. An enhancement in CO (~25-40%) and WV (50-60%) has been noticed over Central India in the UT at 147 hPa and 215 hPa, respectively, during lockdown. The strong updrafts before the lockdown and the extended weak zonal wind aloft over this region are found responsible for the observed enhancement in these trace gases in the UT. In spite of the non-availability of the anthropogenic pollution during the lockdown, this study highlights the transport of pollutants through long-range transport (always present even before lockdown) dominance over the Indian region not only near the surface but also aloft due to associated atmospheric dynamics.

With the development of 3D vision techniques, RGB-D cameras are increasingly used to allow easier and cheaper access to the third dimension. In this paper, we focus on testing the potential of the Kinect Azure RGB-D camera in the 3D reconstruction of indoor scenes. First, a series of investigations of the hardware was performed to evaluate its accuracy and precision. The results show that the measurements made with the Azure could be exploited for close-range survey applications. Second, we performed a methodological workflow for indoor reconstruction based on the Open3D framework, which was applied to two different indoor scenes. Based on the results, we can state that the quality of 3D reconstruction significantly depends on the architecture of the captured scene. This was supported by a comparison of the point cloud from the Kinect Azure with that from a terrestrial laser scanner and another from a mobile laser scanner. The results show that the average differences do not exceed 8 mm, which confirms that the Kinect Azure can be considered a 3D measurement system at least as reliable as a mobile laser scanner.

In recent decades, regions all around the world have experienced severe droughts adversely affecting their agricultural production. Climate change, along with limited access to water will alter future production and agricultural development. The purpose of this study is to provide a perspective for the future cultivation regime in the Divandarre region in the Sepidrood catchment in Iran, using historical climatic, agricultural, and economic information. Future precipitation values are determined for three climate scenarios, then downscaled and converted to pixel-based precipitation maps using the Moving Least Squares method. Future droughts are identified using the Standardized Precipitation Index at 3, 6, and 9-month intervals based on precipitation values and the relationship between different types of droughts (meteorological, agricultural and hydrological). We introduce a new coefficient, the water cost coefficient, derived from drought characteristics that captures the added irrigation cost in drought years because of increased water price. Using the Positive Mathematical Planning method and considering limited land and water, predicted future prices and costs based on a linear regression of supply-demand, and the annual water cost coefficient values, an agroeconomic model is built. After prediction of future price and cost based on historical data from 2005 to 2018, we run future scenarios based on various price and cost values to determine the optimal annual cultivation area for each crop from 2020 to 2040. All scenarios indicate a decline in cultivation area for all crops making agriculture less beneficial in the future. The cultivation regime moves away from more water-consuming products with less economic value (e.g. watermelon) toward less water-consuming, more expensive products (e.g. lentils). The findings of this model along with expert economic judgments help determine the economic effects of climate change on irrigation, farmers\' decisions, and water policies, including water markets, and improving irrigation efficiency. Authorities and farmers could adapt to drought shocks and changes in the market while experiencing less revenue loss.

Using ozonesonde measurements from 2015 to 2018 at the Jang Bogo station located in the southeastern Antarctic region, we evaluate ozone profiles retrieved from the three satellite measurements that are widely used: Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS), and Ozone Mapping Profiler Suite (OMPS) data. For the fair validation, ozonesonde profiles are smoothed using the weighting function of each satellite retrieval algorithm (i.e., convolution process). Compared with limb-viewing MLS and OMPS ozone profiles, the OMI ozone profiles are relatively less qualified: coarser vertical resolution and larger inter-annual variation. Nevertheless, our validation reveals that the quality of all three satellite ozone profiles looks comparable; In general, difference from ozonesonde profile is ∼1 ppm absolutely, and -20 to 30% relatively at maximum. This quantitative range well corresponds to previous work, meaning that our new validation confirms the reliability of satellite ozone profiles in the southeastern Antarctic region where the measurement data for the validation were not enough. Another interesting feature is the role of a priori ozone profile; Nadir-viewing OMI satellite can have qualified ozone profiles by a proper assumption of a priori ozone profile. Since the performance of limb-viewing ozone profiles is better, however, the careful usage of nadir-viewing ozone profile is still required. We think that the simultaneous usage of multiple satellite ozone profiles can contribute to better understanding of Antarctic ozone characteristics.

Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of 48 Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolates from the udder or genital tract of apparently healthy or diseased camels. This study aimed also to determine the frequency of C. albicans isolates in the genital tract and udder of healthy or diseased female dromedary camels. A total of 240 mature dromedary camels (230 females and 10 males) were categorized based on the clinical examination of gentile tract and udder into five groups [fertile females (n = 70), infertile females (n = 115), healthy udder (n = 15), mastitis (n = 30), and fertile males (n = 10)]. Swabs were collected from male and female genital tracts of dromedary camels and milk samples were collected from healthy and diseased udders. C. albicans was isolated from 20% of the samples. The frequency of isolation was significantly higher (p < 0.00001) in disease camels (75%) compared with apparently healthy camels (25%). Most of C. albicans was isolated from infertile female genitalia (62.50%) which was significantly higher than that isolated from fertile female genitalia (16.67%). Multilocus sequence (MLS) analysis identified seven different diploid sequence types (DSTs) including DST2, DST50, DST62, DST69, DST124, DST142, and DST144. The most frequently identified DTS was DST69 (13/48) which significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST2, DST62, and DST124. The frequency of identification of DST50, DST142, and DST 144 was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than DST62. DST62 and DST124 were isolated only from diseased camels. DST62 was isolated only from mastitic milk. DST124 was isolated only from infertile female genitalia. The percentage of DST50 and DST 142 was significantly higher in diseased camels (infertile females) than in the apparently healthy ones (fertile females). DST2 and DST50 were isolated only from female genitalia of apparent health and diseased camels. The C. albicans isolated from diseased camels had significantly higher biofilm formation, hydrophobicity, phospholipase, proteinase, and hemolysin activities compared with the isolates from apparent healthy camels. All isolates were sensitive to amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole and voriconazole. In conclusion, the present study represents the first molecular typing of C. albicans in samples isolated from milk and the genital tract of the dromedary camel. MLST is a useful tool for studying the epidemiology and evolution of C. albicans. Early identification of Candida species and attention to Candida virulence factors and their antifungal susceptibility patterns is very important for establishing strategies to control and/or prevent candidiasis by novel therapeutic management. Amphotericin B, itraconazole, micafungin, posaconazole, or voriconazole can be efficient in treatment of candidiasis.

UNASSIGNED: Myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) is a rare malignant soft-tissue neoplasm in which brain metastasis is still considered rare. We present a case of MLS brain metastasis and review of the literature.
UNASSIGNED: A 24-year-old male patient presented with headache, decreased level of consciousness and vomiting. He was treated for distal right thigh MLS 2-years ago. Imaging studies of the brain showed a left frontal intracranial mass. The patient underwent surgical resection followed by stereotactic radiosurgery. The histopathological study revealed metastatic myxoid/roundcell liposarcoma infiltrating the bone and peripheral margins.
UNASSIGNED: Treatment options for MLS usually includes surgical resection and adjuvant radiotherapy. A case-by-case based multidisciplinary approach is recommended for the management of similar cases.

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), considered one of the most globally important porcine pathogens, causes postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). This virus is localized in the mitochondria in pigs with PMWS. Here, we identified, for the first time, a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) in the PCV2 capsid protein (Cap) at the N-terminus. PK-15 cells showed colocalization of the MLS-EGFP fusion protein with mitochondria. Since the PCV2 Cap also contained a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that mediated entry into the nucleus, we inferred that the subcellular localization of the PCV2 Cap is inherently complex and dependent on the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we also determined that deletion of the MLS attenuated Cap-induced apoptosis. More importantly, the MLS was essential for PCV2 replication, as absence of the MLS resulted in failure of virus rescue from cells infected with infectious clone DNA. In conclusion, the MLS of the PCV2 Cap plays critical roles in Cap-induced apoptosis, and MLS deletion of Cap is lethal for virus rescue.