With the advancement of modern medicine and the prolonged survival of critically ill patients, unusual organisms are increasingly emerging. Initially found in the environment, these rare organisms started presenting as human pathogens, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Here, we present a rare case of disseminated Lodderomyces elongisporus fungemia and Pantoea dispersa bacteremia in a patient with parapneumonic effusion and ruptured liver abscess. This yeast was identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF). Although this organism has no antifungal breakpoint, the isolate shows low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to a wide range of antifungals. The importance of effective communication between microbiologists and clinicians and early referral to the infectious disease team was also highlighted in this case for prompt treatment.

We report two cases of patients with oropharyngeal infection by Lodderomyces elongisporus. The identification of the two isolates was confirmed after sequencing the ITS1 and ITS4 regions. The antifungal susceptibility test revealed low MIC values for the different antifungals tested. This is the first reported case of L. elongisporus present during an oropharyngeal infection and describes the laboratory methodology employed in the diagnosis.

Lodderomyces elongisporus, a rare emerging pathogen, can cause fungemia often related to immunosuppression or intravenous devices. Herein, we report the case of a 58-year-old woman with subacute infective endocarditis due to Lodderomyces elongisporus identified by blood fungal culture and whole-genome sequencing, who was treated with antifungals, mitral replacement and endocardial vegetation removal surgery.

Lodderomyces elongisporus is a rare cause of invasive fungal infections. Most phenotypic tests that are routinely used for identification of yeasts fail to identify this organism. However, chromogenic media for yeasts, MALDI-TOF MS and DNA sequencing can be used for correct identification. We report a case of fungemia complicated by infective endocarditis and intracerebral bleeding in a pediatric patient with previous cardiac surgery.

Many rare yeasts are emerging as pathogens, causing invasive infections in susceptible hosts that are associated with poor clinical outcome. Here, we describe the first and fatal case of Lodderomyces elongisporus fungemia in a premature, extremely low-birth-weight neonate after spontaneous vaginal delivery. The bloodstream isolate was identified as C. parapsilosis by the VITEK 2 yeast identification system and as L. elongisporus by PCR-sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA. Antifungal susceptibility testing data for the isolate, performed by the broth microdilution-based MICRONAUT-AM assay, showed susceptibility to all nine antifungal drugs tested. Despite the initiation of treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, the patient died on the same day that the blood culture yielded yeast growth. This is the first report of L. elongisporus bloodstream infection in a neonate as the previous nine cases reported in the literature occurred in adult patients. The crude mortality rate for invasive L. elongisporus infection is 50%, as only 5 of 10 patients survived.

The widespread awareness of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) benefits for human health has increased the need for their commercial production. Two oleaginous yeast were isolated from the Mediterranean Sea fish and Red Sea fish Epinephelus aeneus and E. areolatus, respectively. These marine candidates were identified by MALDI-TOF/MS biotyper® as Lodderomyces elongisporus and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. The effect of incubation temperature (7, 15, and 26 °C) and glucose concentration (3% and 8%) on their lipids content were investigated using Sulfo-Phospho-Vanillin (SPV) assay. Their intercellular lipids were visualized by fluorescence microscope using Nile-Red dye. L. elongisporus and R. mucilaginosa produced 20.04% and 26.79% of Linoleic acid, respectively, on normal Basal-Defatted Medium (BDM). Linoleic acid (21.4-22.7%) and α-Linolenic acid (7.5-10.8%) were produced by R. mucilaginosa and L. elongisporus, on normal BDM at 15 °C. High-Glucose BDM induced a positive effect on the total lipids production that reached its maximum of 48% and 54% by R. mucilaginosa and L. elongisporus, respectively, grown at 15 °C. Remarkably, 12.12% of long-chain 15-Docosenoic acid (C22:1) and 21.49% of Tricosanoic acid (C23:0) were detected in the FAs profile of L. elongisporus, when grown on normal BDM at 26 °C. The present study is the first one reporting the FAs profile of the Egyptian Marine L. elongisporus, and its capability to accumulate high amounts of lipids under appropriate fermentation conditions; thus, it could be considered for scaling up production.
UNASSIGNED: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-03010-4.

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The microbial diversity of wine alcoholic fermentation is not restricted to the presence and activity of Saccharomyces yeast strains. Some non-Saccharomyces species have been described as part of the fermentative microbiota, specially found in the initial steps of wine fermentations. These species may play roles from wine spoilage to flavor quality enhancement. From a large number of wine fermentations (429 wine samples), analyzed by ITS-amplicon sequencing to define their mycobiome, 2 non-conventional yeast species (Nakazawaea ishiwadae and Lodderomyces elongisporus) were detected, in a very limited number of samples but in significant levels of relative abundance. One strain of each species was isolated and their technological and enological potential have been characterized in this work. Compared with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Viniferm Revelacion wine strain, the studied N. ishiwadae BMK17.1 and L. elongisporus BMK12.5 strains showed, as expected, a lower tolerance and growth fitness in high ethanol concentrations. However, N. ishiwadae BMK17.1 was able to grow also at 15% ethanol and L. elongisporus BMK12.5 at 10% reaching, in the latter case, slightly higher efficiency rates than S. cerevisiae at this level. Contrary to most non-Saccharomyces yeasts, these species were able to growth in presence of high doses of potassium-metabisulfite, reaching in both cases higher efficiency rates than S. cerevisiae. A notable affinity of L. elongisporus BMK12.5 for high pH values was clearly observed. Their fermentation kinetics and the final chemical-analytical characterization were studied in micro-fermentation assays, using synthetic grape must. L. elongisporus BMK12.5 was able to complete, in single inoculation, the sugar fermentation after 19 days, but, N. ishiwadae BMK17.1 left about 80 g/L sugars at this time. Co-inoculation assays (in a 1:100 proportion of S. cerevisiae:non-Saccharomyces strains) finished sugar consumption with similar kinetics than the S. cerevisiae single inoculation, in the case of L. elongisporus BMK12.5 co-inoculation, and with lower kinetics when using N. ishiwadae BMK17.1. A remarkable malic acid consumption and a low acetic acid production was associated with L. elongisporus BMK12.5 fermentations, together with a high production of 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-phenylethanol, and the release of high amounts of proteins into the wines. N. ishiwadae BMK17.1, although unable to finish the fermentation itself, showed a high production of oligosaccharides and volatile compounds such as isobutanol or isobutyric acid. This work reports, for the first time, the occurrence and enological potential of two strains pertaining to the non-conventional yeast genera Lodderomyces and Nakazawaea.

The true clinical significance of Lodderomyces elongisporus remains underestimated as a result of problems associated with its identification by the VITEK 2 yeast identification system. Here we describe a case of L. elongisporus primary progressive fungaemia in a woman with no known risk factors for invasive fungal infections. The isolate was identified by PCR sequencing of the internally transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. Despite treatment with caspofungin, the patient died within 3 days of onset of fungaemia. Our literature review highlights this organism\'s emerging role as a bloodstream pathogen. A need for application of molecular methods for its accurate identification is emphasized.