This study aimed to delineate the detailed anatomy of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) and metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in healthy horses using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). The fetlock region of 15 cadaveric forelimbs and 14 cadaveric hindlimbs from nine adult horses without orthopaedic disease underwent CBCT scanning. Additionally, arthrography CBCT scans were conducted following intra-articular injection of a radiopaque contrast medium containing blue epoxy resin dye. Subsequently, limbs were frozen and sectioned to visualize anatomical structures in sectional planes corresponding to selected CBCT images. CBCT proved suitable for detailed visualization of the bony components of the fetlock region. Furthermore, the common digital extensor tendon, superficial and deep digital flexor tendons, suspensory ligament, and straight and oblique sesamoidean ligaments were identifiable on CBCT images. However, certain ligaments, such as the collateral sesamoidean ligaments and intersesamoidean ligaments, were not clearly identified. The hyaline cartilage of the MCP and MTP joint facets was assessable on the post-contrast sequence. In cases where a radiographic or ultrasound examination cannot provide a definitive diagnosis and determine the extent of disease, CBCT can provide additional valuable data on the equine MCP and MTP joint. The images obtained in this study can serve as a reference for CBCT examination of the equine MCP and MTP joint.

BACKGROUND: Elevation of carpal tunnel pressure is known to be associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. This study aimed to correlate the shear wave elastography in the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) with carpal tunnel pressures using a cadaveric model.
METHODS: Eight human cadaveric hands were dissected to evacuate the tunnels. A medical balloon was inserted into each tunnel and connected to a pressure regulator to simulate tunnel pressure in the range of 0-210 mmHg with an increment of 30 mmHg. Shear wave velocity and modulus was measure in the middle of TCL.
RESULTS: SWV and SWE were significantly dependent on the pressure levels (p < 0.001), and positively correlated to the tunnel pressure (SWV: R = 0.997, p < 0.001; SWE: R = 0.996, p < 0.001). Regression analyses showed linear relationship SWV and pressure (SWV = 4.359 + 0.0263 * Pressure, R2 = 0.994) and between SWE and pressure (SWE = 48.927 + 1.248 * Pressure, R2 = 0.996).
CONCLUSIONS: The study indicated that SWV and SWE in the TCL increased linearly as the tunnel pressure increased within the current pressure range. The findings suggested that SWV/SWE in the TCL has the potential for prediction of tunnel pressure and diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome.

BACKGROUND The Lisfranc ligament is crucial for maintaining the transverse and longitudinal arch of the foot. Owing to the disruption between the medial cuneiform bone and the base of the second metatarsal bone, the currently preferred fixation method remains controversial. Our fixation technique involves screwing one anchor to the medial and intermediate cuneiform bones and using the anchor to carry the ligament to bind the Lisfranc joint and first and second metatarsal joints altogether for elastic fixation. This study evaluated the clinical and functional outcomes of InternalBrace fixation for Lisfranc injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS This retrospective study included 58 patients who underwent InternalBrace fixation for Lisfranc injury between January 2019 and September 2022 by an experienced surgeon. One-way analysis of variance or t test was used. Preoperative classification was performed according to the Myerson classification with imaging data. Postoperative follow-up was performed based on intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, visual analog scale (VAS) score, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Tegner score, and complications. RESULTS Surgery was completed in all patients, and follow-up was performed. The patients\' ages ranged from 19 to 62 years (average: 34.6±9.4 years). The postoperative follow-up time was 12-24 months (average: 16.9±3.0 months). The average time for fracture healing was 12.8±3.0 (10-24) weeks. The VAS, AOFAS, and Tegner scores significantly improved postoperatively (from 5.33±1.0 (3-7) to 1.24±0.57 (0-2); 28.02±6.70 (18-51) to 91.59±4.76 (82-96); and 2.40±0.67 (1-4) to 6.53±0.54 (6-7), respectively), which was statistically significant (P<0.01), and the good rate of AOFAS was 91.4%. The postoperative complications were traumatic arthritis, incision infection, and temporary dorsal foot numbness, which gradually recovered. No other rejection reactions or Lisfranc fracture/dislocations recurrence occurred during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS InternalBrace fixation for Lisfranc injury is beneficial for restoring Lisfranc joint stability and function and allows for early and more aggressive rehabilitation for patients, with fewer surgical complications.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of the patella fixation technique using Toggleloc suspension system in a single ellipsoidal blind patellar tunnel during medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction.
METHODS: This study included 52 patients (25 men, 27 women) who underwent MPFL reconstruction using a semitendinosus tendon graft. The graft was fixed to the ellipsoidal single blind tunnel opened on the medial side of the patella with an endobutton and was fixed to the femoral tunnel by using bioabsorbable screw. Clinical scores (Kujala score, Lysholm score, Tegner activity score and the visual analog scale [VAS] score) were evaluated preoperatively and at the end-follow up. Preoperative and postoperative radiological measurements (trochlea depth, sulcus angle, patellar height, patellar congruence angle, patellar tilt angle and lateral patellofemoral angle) were evaluated with X-ray (Merchant X-ray, anteroposterior and lateral radiography) and computed tomography (CT) of the knee.
RESULTS: Postoperative patellar redislocation or subluxation was not observed in any patient. Patellar congruence angle, patellar tilt angle and lateral patellofemoral angle mean values were found to return to normal values in the postoperative period and the results were statistically significant. Also statistically significant improvement in all clinical scores postoperatively. According to the Insall-Salvati index (ISI) and Caton-Deschamps index (CDI) on lateral radiography of the knee at 30° flexion, patellar height decreased in the postoperative period statistically significant. The CDI was above 1.3 in 17 (%32) of our patients. Thirteen of these values decreased to normal values. No radiological progression of patellofemoral osteoarthritis was observed in all patients at the final follow-up evaluation.
CONCLUSIONS: In cases of patellofemoral instability, fixation of the tendon graft in blind ellipsoid tunnel using the Toggleloc suspension system provides satisfactory patellar graft fixation strength, significant functional improvement and a low failure rate.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this case report is to present a case of chronic cervical ligament tear and instability, which occurred by an unusual work injury with an eversion/hyper-pronation mechanism in contrast to the usual mechanism of inversion. The ligament was reconstructed using an allograft with satisfactory results up to 30 months after surgery. A new magnetic resonance imaging protocol (MRI) was developed to better evaluate the cervical ligament/graft.
UNASSIGNED: In diagnosis of foot sprains, a specific ligament injury should always be sought. In this case, physical examination producing tenderness at the location of the cervical ligament and correlating this with an oblique intercolumn stress test that reproduced pain with apprehension and gross instability supported the diagnosis. Retrospectively applying anatomic knowledge to the earlier MRI findings of bone marrow edema at the insertion points of the cervical ligament on the talus and calcaneus was important in confirming the diagnosis. To better evaluate the cervical ligament allograft tendon reconstruction, a novel volumetric MRI sequence was developed which may prove helpful to also diagnose cervical ligament injuries in future cases. Anatomic reconstruction of the cervical ligament provided satisfactory clinical and radiographic results at 30-month follow-up.Level of Evidence: V.

UNASSIGNED: To investigate the morphological characteristics of the glenohumeral joint (including the glenoid and coracoid) in the Chinese population and determine the feasibility of designing coracoid osteotomy based on the preoperative glenoid defect arc length by constructing glenoid defect models and simulating suture button fixation Latarjet procedure.
UNASSIGNED: Twelve shoulder joint specimens from 6 adult cadavers donated voluntarily were harvested. First, whether the coracoacromial ligament and conjoint tendon connected was anatomically observed and their intersection point was identified. The vertical distance from the intersection point to the coracoid, the maximum allowable osteotomy length starting from the intersection point, and the maximum osteotomy angle were measured. Next, the anteroinferior glenoid defect models of different degrees were randomly constructed. The arc length and area of the glenoid defect were measured. Based on the arc length of the glenoid defect of the model, the size of coracoid oblique osteotomy was designed and the actual length and angle of the coracoid osteotomy were measured. A limited osteotomy suture button fixation Latarjet procedure with the coracoacromial ligament and pectoralis minor preservation was performed and the position of coracoid block was observed.
UNASSIGNED: All shoulder joint specimens exhibited crossing fibers between the coracoacromial ligament and the conjoint tendon. The vertical distance from the tip of the coracoid to the coracoid return point was 24.8-32.2 mm (mean, 28.5 mm). The maximum allowable osteotomy length starting from the intersection point was 26.7-36.9 mm (mean, 32.0 mm). The maximum osteotomy angle was 58.8°-71.9° (mean, 63.5°). Based on the anteroinferior glenoid defect model, the arc length of the glenoid defect was 22.6-29.4 mm (mean, 26.0 mm); the ratio of glenoid defect was 20.8%-26.2% (mean, 23.7%). Based on the coracoid block, the length of the coracoid osteotomy was 23.5-31.4 mm (mean, 26.4 mm); the osteotomy angle was 51.3°-69.2° (mean, 57.1°). There was no significant difference between the arc length of the glenoid defect and the length of the coracoid osteotomy ( P>0.05). After simulating the suture button fixation Latarjet procedure, the highest points of the coracoid block (suture loop fixation position) in all models located below the optimal center point, with the bone block concentrated in the anteroinferior glenoid defect position.
UNASSIGNED: The size of the coracoid is generally sufficient to meet the needs of repairing larger glenoid defects. The oblique osteotomy with preserving the coracoacromial ligament may potentially replace the traditional Latarjet osteotomy method.
UNASSIGNED: 探讨国人盂肱关节（包括关节盂、喙突）形态学特点；通过构造不同程度关节盂骨缺损模型并模拟弹性固定Latarjet手术，明确根据术前关节盂骨缺损弧长度设计喙突截骨的可行性。.
UNASSIGNED: 采用自愿捐赠的6具成年尸体12个肩关节标本，首先解剖观察喙肩韧带与联合腱是否相连，确定两者交叉点，测量喙突尖端距离喙突折返处的垂直长度、以交叉点为起点允许的最大截骨线长度以及最大截骨角度。然后，随机构建不同程度关节盂前下方骨缺损模型，测量关节盂骨缺损弧长度并计算缺损面积；根据模型中关节盂骨缺损弧长度设计喙突斜形截骨，测量实际喙突截骨长度及截骨角度；模拟保留喙肩韧带有限截骨弹性固定Latarjet手术，观察骨块中心位置。.
UNASSIGNED: 所有肩关节标本喙肩韧带与联合腱之间存在交叉纤维，喙突尖距离喙突折返处垂直长度为24.8～32.2 mm，平均28.5 mm；以交叉点为起点允许的最长截骨线长度为26.7～36.9 mm，平均32.0 mm；最大截骨角度为58.8°～71.9°，平均63.5°。基于关节盂前下方骨缺损模型，测量关节盂骨缺损弧长度为22.6～29.4 mm，平均26.0 mm；关节盂骨缺损比例为20.8%～26.2%，平均23.7%。基于喙突骨块，测量喙突截骨长度23.5～31.4 mm，平均26.4 mm；截骨角度51.3°～69.2°，平均57.1°。关节盂骨缺损弧长度与喙突截骨长度比较，差异无统计学意义（ P>0.05）。模拟弹性固定Latarjet手术后，所有模型中喙突截骨骨块最高点（线袢固定位置）均位于最适圆心下方，骨块集中于关节盂前下方。.
UNASSIGNED: 喙突大小基本能满足较大关节盂骨缺损修复需求，保留喙肩韧带的斜形截骨方式有望替代传统Latarjet截骨方式。.

UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the early-term effectiveness of Latarjet procedure with double EndoButtons fixation for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation by coracoid osteotomy with preserving coracoacromial ligament.
UNASSIGNED: Between January 2021 and June 2023, 19 patients with recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations were treated by arthroscopic Latarjet procedure with double EndoButtons fixation, all of which underwent coracoid osteotomy with preserving the coracoacromial ligament. There were 11 males and 8 females, with an average age of 23.3 years (range, 17-32 years). Shoulder dislocations ranged from 3 to 11 times, with an average of 6.4 times. The disease duration ranged from 3 to 35 months, with an average of 12.9 months. All apprehension tests were positive. Imaging examination showed that the defect width of the ipsilateral glenoid bone was 13%-26%, with an average of 19.8%. After operation, the shoulder range of motion was examined, including flexion lift, lateral external rotation, extension 90° external rotation, and internal rotation. Shoulder joint function was evaluated by Walch-Duplay score, American Association for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (ASES) score, and Rowe score. Imaging examinations were taken to observe the position and shaping of coracoid.
UNASSIGNED: All incisions healed by first intention and no nerve or vessel injury occurred. All patients were followed up 9-24 months (mean, 14.5 months). There was no recurrence of shoulder dislocation and the apprehension tests were negative during follow-up. There was no significant difference in the shoulder range of motion (flexion lift, lateral external rotation, extension 90° external rotation, and internal rotation) between preoperation and at last follow-up ( P>0.05). The Walch-Duplay score, ASES score, and Rowe score significantly improved when compared with those before operation ( P<0.05). Postoperative imaging showed that coracoid graft was at the same level with the glenoid in all cases; the center of coracoid graft was located between 3 to 5 o\'clock. During follow-up, there was no glenohumeral joint degeneration, the acromiaohumeral distance was not reduced when compared with preoperation, and the coracoid bone gradually formed concentric circles with the humeral head.
UNASSIGNED: The Latarjet procedure with double EndoButtons fixation can effectively treat recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation by coracoid osteotomy with preserving coracoacromial ligament, and the early-term effectiveness is satisfactory.
UNASSIGNED: 探讨双袢弹性固定Latarjet手术中采用保留喙肩韧带喙突截骨治疗复发性肩关节前脱位的早期疗效。.
UNASSIGNED: 2021年1月—2023 年6月，采用关节镜下双袢弹性固定Latarjet手术治疗19例复发性肩关节前脱位患者，术中均采用保留喙肩韧带喙突截骨方式。男11例，女8例；年龄17～32岁，平均23.3岁。肩关节脱位3～11次，平均6.4次。病程3～35个月，平均12.9个月。患者肩关节恐惧试验均为阳性；肩关节CT示患侧肩胛盂骨缺损宽度达13%～26%，平均19.8%。比较手术前后肩关节活动度（前屈上举、体侧外旋、外展90° 外旋和内旋）以及肩关节功能评分 ［Walch-Duplay评分、美国肩肘外科协会（ASES）评分和Rowe 评分］；随访影像学复查喙突骨块位置及塑形情况。.
UNASSIGNED: 术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合，无血管、神经损伤等并发症发生。患者均获随访，随访时间9～24个月，平均14.5个月。随访期间无肩关节再脱位发生，肩关节恐惧试验均为阴性。末次随访时，肩关节活动度（前屈上举、体侧外旋、外展90° 外旋以及内旋）与术前比较，差异均无统计学意义（ P>0.05）；肩关节功能Walch-Duplay评分、ASES评分、Rowe评分均较术前改善，差异有统计学意义（ P<0.05）。影像学复查示肩峰下间隙与术前比较无明显变化；喙突骨块与肩胛盂齐平，骨块中心均位于肩胛盂3:00～5:00位置，喙突骨块塑形与肱骨头轨迹逐渐匹配；随访期间未见盂肱关节退变。.
UNASSIGNED: 采用保留喙肩韧带喙突截骨的双袢弹性固定Latarjet手术可有效治疗复发性肩关节前脱位，早期疗效满意。.

UNASSIGNED: To review the development and research progress of suture button fixation Latarjet procedure.
UNASSIGNED: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to summarize the development and related modified techniques of the suture button fixation Latarjet procedure.
UNASSIGNED: Since the Latarjet procedure was first introduced by French scholar Latarjet in 1954, it has undergone three key transformations, resulting in suture button fixation Latarjet procedure, which has shown satisfactory outcomes in treatment of recurrent shoulder dislocation. However, there are still drawbacks such as the risk of impingement of the graft on surrounding tissues, and the surgical disruption of anatomical structures like the coracoclavicular ligament and the pectoralis minor muscle. The scholars have proposed several modified techniques based on the suture button fixation Latarjet procedure to further reduce complications from impingement of the graft, to lower the glenohumeral contact pressure, and to eliminate the impact of surgery on the physiological structures of the shoulder joint. The modified techniques include the arthroscopic suture button fixation Latarjet procedure using FiberTape Cerclage, reconstruction of the coracoacromial ligament during congruent-arc Latarjet procedures, and limit unique coracoid osteotomy suture button Latarjet procedure (LU-tarjet procedure). These modified techniques have also shown good clinical outcomes. Additionally, other related modified techniques for reconstruction of the glenoid, such as Chinese unique Inlay Bristow procedure (Cuistow procedure), arthroscopic glenoid bone grafting with soft fixation, and all-arthroscopic modified Eden-Hybinette procedure, have also demonstrated favorable efficacy. However, there is still a lack of long-term follow-up results for these techniques and comparative studies between them.
UNASSIGNED: Suture button fixation Latarjet procedure is an effective method for the treatment of recurrent shoulder dislocation. There are various techniques, but there is no recognized gold standard, and further clinical and basic research is needed.
UNASSIGNED: 综述弹性固定Latarjet手术发展历程及研究进展。.
UNASSIGNED: 查阅国内外弹性固定Latarjet手术相关研究文献，对该术式发展历程及相关改良技术进行总结。.
UNASSIGNED: 自1954年法国Latarjet教授首次提出Latarjet手术以来，该术式经历了3次关键变革，并逐渐形成了弹性固定Latarjet手术。目前临床应用结果显示弹性固定Latarjet手术治疗复发性肩关节脱位可获得满意疗效，但是仍存在移植骨块与周围组织撞击、手术破坏喙肩弓及胸小肌等解剖结构等不足。为了进一步减少移植骨块撞击带来的并发症、降低盂肱关节接触压力、消除手术对于肩关节原有生理结构的影响，学者们在其基础上提出了使用 FiberTape Cerclage 的关节镜下弹性固定 Latarjet 手术、一致弧Latarjet手术合并重建喙肩韧带、喙突有限截骨线袢固定Latarjet手术（LU-tarjet手术）等相关改良技术，临床应用也获得较好疗效。同时，关节镜下改良嵌入式喙突移位手术（Cuistow手术）、特殊关节盂骨移植技术、关节镜自体髂嵴骨移植术等关节盂重建改良技术也具有良好疗效。但是，目前尚缺乏各项技术的远期随访结果以及各项技术之间的对比研究。.
UNASSIGNED: 弹性固定Latarjet手术是治疗复发性肩关节脱位的有效术式，有多种改良术式，但尚无公认“金标准”，需要进一步进行临床及基础研究。.

UNASSIGNED: Recent systematic reviews on the outcomes of sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty with adjuvant medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction at a follow-up of 2 to 6 years have found that the procedure grants good clinical outcomes with low redislocation rates. However, there is a lack of evidence in the literature regarding mid- and long-term follow-ups.
UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the radiographic and clinical outcomes of thick-flap sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty with MPFL reconstruction at a minimum follow-up of 10 years to assess the signs of patellofemoral arthritis, incidence of recurrent dislocation, and grade of patient satisfaction.
UNASSIGNED: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.
UNASSIGNED: The authors evaluated a retrospective series of 43 patients (48 knees) who underwent sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty between 2003 and 2013. All patients underwent thick-flap sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty with additional MPFL reconstruction. All patients were assessed at a minimum follow-up of 10 years by an independent clinician who noted any patellar redislocation or reoperations in the operated knee and collected the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Kujala, and satisfaction scores. Furthermore, a radiographic examination was performed to assess patellar height using the Caton-Deschamps index and patellofemoral arthritis using the Iwano classification.
UNASSIGNED: At a mean follow-up of 14.8 ± 2.1 years (range, 10-20 years), 4 patients (4 knees) were lost to follow-up (8.3%). The satisfaction, Kujala, and IKDC scores were 8.2 ± 1.6, 77.5 ± 14.4, and 65.7 ± 13.5, respectively. Only 1 patient reported a traumatic patellar dislocation (2%). Radiographs at the final follow-up were available for 34 knees, which revealed Iwano grade 1 in 14 knees (41%), Iwano grade 2 in 7 knees (21%), and no patellofemoral arthritis in 13 knees (38%).
UNASSIGNED: Sulcus-deepening trochleoplasty with MPFL reconstruction provides satisfactory results and prevents patellar redislocations with no or minimal patellofemoral arthritis.

Scapholunate interosseous ligament injuries are a major cause of wrist instability and can be difficult to diagnose radiographically. To improve early diagnosis of scapholunate ligament injuries, we compared injury detection between bilateral routine clinical radiographs, static CT, and dynamic four-dimensional CT (4DCT) during wrist flexion-extension and radioulnar deviation. Participants with unilateral scapholunate ligament injuries were recruited to a prospective clinical trial investigating the diagnostic utility of 4DCT imaging for ligamentous wrist injury. Twenty-one participants underwent arthroscopic surgery to confirm scapholunate ligament injury. Arthrokinematics, defined as distributions of interosseous proximities across radioscaphoid and scapholunate articular surfaces at different positions within the motion cycle, were used as CT-derived biomarkers. Preoperative radiographs, static CT, and extrema of 4DCT were compared between uninjured and injured wrists using Wilcoxon signed rank or Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Median interosseous proximities at the scapholunate interval were significantly greater in the injured versus the uninjured wrists at static-neutral and maximum flexion, extension, radial deviation, and ulnar deviation. Mean cumulative distribution functions at the radioscaphoid joint were not significantly different between wrists but were significantly shifted at the scapholunate interval towards increased interosseous proximities in injured versus uninjured wrists in all positions. Median and cumulative distribution scapholunate proximities from static-neutral and 4DCT-derived extrema reflect injury status.