Anterior talofibular ligament injuries and osteochondral lesions of the talus present unique challenges to orthopedic surgeons. This study aimed to investigate the relevant relationship between them by analyzing the Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results of clinical patients and single-cell RNA sequence (scRNA seq) results of healthy talus cartilage to discuss the risk factors. Data from 164 patients from 2018 to 2023 was retrospectively analyzed. The correlation analysis between ATFL injury grade and the Hepple stage of OLT determined by MRI was performed. Publicly available single-cell RNA datasets were collected. Single-cell RNA datasets from five volunteers of healthy talus cartilage were analyzed. ATFL injury grade was relevant with the Hepple stage of OLT (P < 0.05). The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that injured area was the independent influencing factor of the incidence rate and the severity of OLT (P < 0.05). The Hepple stage of OLT was relevant with AOFAS and VAS (P < 0.05). Single-cell RNA sequence results showed that among the 9 subtypes of chondrocytes, the interaction strength between HTC-A and HTC-B is the highest. Their physical interactions are mainly achieved through the CD99 signaling pathway, and factor interactions are mainly achieved through the ANGPTL signaling pathway. Anterior talofibular ligament injury may lead to osteochondral lesions of the talus. Early medical intervention should be carried out for ligament injuries to restore joint stability and avoid cartilage damage.

UNASSIGNED: Although the all-inside arthroscopic modified Broström operation (AMBO) and open modified Broström operation (OMBO) for chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) showed favorable outcomes up to 1-year short-term follow-up, concerns about the long-term stability of AMBO are still present. Therefore, we aimed to compare midterm outcomes between the 2 methods by extending the observation period.
UNASSIGNED: Fifty-four patients undergoing ankle surgery between August 2013 and July 2017 were included in the AMBO (n = 37) and OMBO (n = 17) groups. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle-hindfoot scale and a visual analog scale (VAS) were used to evaluate the clinical outcomes. Anterior drawer test and talar tilt angle were used to evaluate the radiological outcomes. The mean follow-up duration was 59.69 months.
UNASSIGNED: The 2 groups both showed improved clinical and radiological results statistically. In addition, they did not differ in age, sex, or preoperative AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scale score, VAS score, anterior drawer test, or talar tilt angle. No significant difference in the final follow-up postoperative clinical scores or radiological outcomes was observed.
UNASSIGNED: AMBO and OMBO as treatments for CLAI did not yield differing clinical or radiological outcomes at a mean follow-up time point of 59.69 months.

BACKGROUND: A comprehensive understanding of the anatomy of the anterolateral ankle joint and its interrelationships is essential for advancing the development of minimally invasive Broström-Gould procedure, thereby enhancing surgical efficacy and minimizing postoperative complications.
METHODS: Ten fresh human ankle specimens were dissected to observe the shape and trajectory of the lateral bundle of the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) and its relationship with the deep fascia. To observe the relationship between the ankle capsule and the anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL). The center of the insertion point of ATFL at the lateral malleolus was used as the reference point. The vertical distance from the reference point to the fibula tip, the horizontal distance from the reference point to the lateral branch of the superficial peroneal nerve, the shortest distance from the reference point to IER, the narrowest width of the IER, the angle between the line connecting the shortest distance from the reference point to the IER and the longitudinal axis of the fibula were measured. The tension and elasticity of ATFL was understood. To describe the minimally invasive Broström-Gould procedure according to the anatomical characteristics of the anterolateral ankle joint.
RESULTS: Among the 10 cases, 8 cases (80%) had double bundles of ATFL, 2 cases (20%) had single bundle of ATFL, and no outer superior oblique bundle was observed in IER. The vertical distance from the reference point to the fibula tip was 1.2 ± 0.3 (range 1.1-1.3) mm. The shortest distance from the reference point to the level of the superficial peroneal branch was 28.2 ± 4.3 (range 24.5-32.4) mm. The shortest distance from the reference point to IER was 12.5 ± 0.6 (range 12.1-12.9) mm, and the width of IER at this point was 7.2 ± 0.3 (range 7.0-7.6) mm. The angle between the line connecting the shortest distance from the reference point to the IER and the longitudinal axis of the fibula was about 60° ± 2.8° (range 58.1°-62.1°) mm. The space between the anterolateral deep fascia of the ankle joint and the ankle capsule is very small, and only a few fat granules are separated between them. The ATFL is largely fused to the ankle capsule. The ATFL exhibited high tension and poor elasticity after traction with the probe hook.
CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that in the minimally invasive Broström-Gould technique for lateral ankle stabilization, the Broström procedure actually sutured the insertion of the ATFL together with the ankle capsule to the anterior edge of the lateral malleolus. In the Gould procedure, the deep fascia was mostly reinforced with the ankle capsule. The minimum suture span was obtained when the Gould suture needle direction was at an Angle of 60° to the longitudinal axis of the fibula.

OBJECTIVE: Residual symptoms can be observed after ankle lateral ligament repairs commonly due to hyperlaxity, severe ankle instability or a failed stabilization. In order to increase joint stability, ligament or capsular-ligament plication has been used in other joints. Given that the anterior portion of the deltoid is a stabilizer against anterior talar translation, it could be used as an augmentation to restrict anterior talar translation. The aim of this study was to describe an arthroscopic anterior deltoid plication with a bony anchor as an augmentation to the lateral stabilization. The results in a series of eight patients were presented.
METHODS: Eight patients (seven males, median age 31 [range, 22-43] years) presented residual instability after arthroscopic all inside lateral collateral ligament repair. Arthroscopic anterior deltoid ligament plication was performed in these patients. Median follow-up was 22 (range, 15-27) months. Using an automatic suture passer and a knotless anchor, the anterior deltoid was arthroscopically plicated to the anterior aspect of the medial malleolus.
RESULTS: During the arthroscopic procedure, only an isolated detachment of the anterior talofibular ligament was observed without any deltoid open-book injury in any case. All patients reported subjective improvement in their ankle instability after the arthroscopic all-inside ligament repair and the anterior deltoid plication with a bony anchor. On clinical examination, the anterior drawer test was negative in all patients. The median American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society score increased from 68 (range, 64-70) preoperatively to 100 (range, 90-100) at final follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS: The arthroscopic anterior deltoid plication is a feasible procedure to augment stability and control anterior talar translation when treating chronic ankle instability in cases of residual excessive talar translation.
METHODS: Level IV.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes between patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI) undergoing arthroscopic anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) repair who received elastic bandage treatment and those who received lower-leg cast immobilization.
METHODS: CAI patients with isolated ATFL injury undergoing arthroscopic ATFL repair from January 2017 and August 2019 were included in the study. The visual analogue scale (VAS) at rest and during activities, American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Karlsson Ankle Functional Score (Karlsson score), and time of returning to walk, walk normally, work and sports were evaluated preoperatively, and at 6 months and 12 months follow-up.
RESULTS: A total of 41 patients were included in this study. Among them, 24 patients accepted lower-leg cast fixation, and the other 17 patients were immobilized with elastic bandage. Compared to patients with lower-leg immobilization, patients with elastic bandage fixation had significantly lower VAS during activities (P = 0.021) and higher AOFAS score (P = 0.015) at 12 months follow-up. The Karlsson score at 6 months follow-up were significantly higher in elastic bandage group than those in lower-leg group (P = 0.011). However, no significant difference was observed in time of returning to walk, work and sports between the two groups.
CONCLUSIONS: Elastic bandage treatment was better than lower-leg cast immobilization in terms of eliminating pain symptom at 12 months follow-up, and improving ankle functional outcome at 6 months follow-up. Moreover, the present study emphasized that lower-leg cast immobilization offered no advantages in arthroscopic ATFL repair postoperative immobilization.
METHODS: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

BACKGROUND: Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability (CLAI) is a common condition treated using either Anterior Talofibular and Calcaneofibular Ligament (ATFL and CFL) reconstruction or Modified Brostrom Procedure (MBP). However, the comparative efficacy of these approaches is not well-studied.
METHODS: In this study, clinical data were retrospectively collected from 101 patients diagnosed with CLAI who underwent either ATFL and CFL reconstruction (n = 51) or the MBP (n = 50). Patients were comparable in terms of age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), post-injury duration, preoperative American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Karlsson score, Visual Analog Score (VAS), Anterior Talar Translation, and Talar Tilt Angle.
RESULTS: The post-operative measures showed no significant differences in AOFAS Score, Karlsson Score, and VAS between both treatment groups. However, patients who underwent ATFL and CFL reconstruction showed significantly lower follow-up Anterior Talar Translation (mean = 4.1667 ± 1.3991 mm) and Talar Tilt Angle (mean = 5.0549 ± 1.6173°) compared to those who underwent MBP. Further, patients treated with ATFL and CFL reconstruction experienced a significantly longer postoperative recovery time (median = 6 weeks) compared to MBP (median = 3 weeks).
CONCLUSIONS: Although both therapeutic techniques were generally effective in treating CLAI, the ATFL and CFL reconstruction approach delivered superior control of Anterior Talar Translation and Talar Tilt Angle. However, its longer recovery time merits further study to optimize the balance between therapeutic efficacy and recovery speed.

Purpose: There are various surgical interventions available for the management of Chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI). The Broström-Gould procedure has gained widespread recognition among foot and ankle specialists for its favorable surgical outcomes. However, with advancements in anatomical understanding and medical technology, further enhancements to the effectiveness of the Gould procedure are warranted. This study introduces a all-inside modified \"outside-in\" Broström -Gould procedure as an alternative approach for addressing lateral ankle instability. Methods: From August 2020 to October 2022, 40 patients with lateral ankle instability who underwent arthroscopic repair of the modified \"outside-in\" Broström-Gould procedure were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received standard non-surgical treatment before surgery for more than 6 months without symptom relief. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and Karlsson-Peterson score were used to evaluate the postoperative effect. Results: All patients were followed up for (14.62 ± 2.04) months. One year after operation, all patients could walk normally, ankle instability sensation disappeared, varus stress test and anterior drawer test were negative. The VAS , AOFAS and Karlsson-Peterson scores of all patients were significantly better compared with those before operation, and the difference between before and after operation was statistically significant. Conclusions: The modified \"outside-in\" Broström-Gould procedure can effectively treat CLAI, which can obtain satisfactory results. The procedure is straightforward, the impact is minimal, and the aesthetics are pleasing.

Objective: To compare the clinical efficacy of patients with chronic lateral rotational ankle instability(CLRAI) after all-inside arthroscopic lateral ligament augmentation procedure and Broström procedure. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study. The clinical and imaging data of 106 CLRAI patients were collected at the Xuzhou Central Hospital from January 2021 to December 2022. The patients included 55 males and 51 females with an age of (32.6±8.2) years (range: 16 to 50 years). All patients were treated under all-inside arthroscopic, and were divided into Broström-Gould surgery group (n=54) and Broström surgery group (n=52) according to different ligament repair methods. At 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, ankle inversion stress tests and anterior drawer tests were used to examine the stability of the ankle joint and observe gait. The American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot scale (AOFAS-AH) and Karlsson ankle function score (KAFS) were used to assess ankle function; Tegner score was used to assess the patient\'s level of exercise; the foot and ankle outcome score(FAOS)(including score of symptoms,pain,function, daily living,function, sports and recreational activities (sport); quality of life (QOL) was used to assess the patient\'s daily activity ability. Comparisons of data were made using independent sample t test, repeated measures analysis of variance, LSD-t multiple comparison method, χ2 test or Mann-Whitney U test. Results: All operations were successfully accomplished. All incisions healed by first intention, without evidence of postoperative complications of implant rejection, ligation reaction, and nerve and vessel injury. All patients were followed up at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery. Ankle varus stress test and anterior drawer test were negative. No evidence supporting lateral ankle instability was obtained. All patients eventually regained normal gait. No patients underwent revision surgery. Repeated measurement analysis of variance showed that AOFAS-AH, Tegner, KAFS and FAOS scores in the Brostrom-Gould group and the Brostrom group were significantly higher than those before surgery (P<0.01). The change trends of Tegner score and FAOS-sport score were significantly different between the two groups (F=18.839, P<0.01; F=8.169, P=0.005). Multiple comparisons revealed that at 3-, 6-and 12-month follow-up, the Tegner scores (3 months: 3.7±0.5 vs. 3.3±0.5, t=-3.980, P<0.01; 6 months: 4.4±0.6 vs. 3.8±0.7, t=-4.792,P<0.01; 12 months: 5.8±0.9 vs. 5.1±1.0, t=-3.889,P<0.01), sport scores (3 months: 82.5±3.7 vs. 79.3±3.8, LSD-t=-4.316, P<0.01; 6 months: 88.5±4.9 vs. 85.7±3.8, LSD-t=-3.312,P=0.001;12 months: 90.1±4.3 vs. 88.2±5.1, LSD-t=-2.112,P=0.037) in the Broström-Gould surgery group were higher than those in the Broström surgery group, with statistical significances. Conclusions: Both Broström-Gould and Broström procedures under all-inside arthroscopic can make ankle stability and improve ankle function in the treatment of CLRAI. However, the former maybe shorten the time to return to exercise and achieve higher motor function.
目的： 比较全内关节镜下Broström-Gould术和Broström术治疗慢性踝关节外侧旋转不稳定（CLRAI）的临床效果。 方法： 本研究为回顾性队列研究。回顾性分析2021年1月至2022年12月徐州市中心医院骨科收治的106例CLRAI患者的临床及影像学资料。男性55例，女性51例，年龄（32.6±8.2）岁（范围：16~50岁）。患者均采用全内关节镜下治疗，按照韧带修复方式不同，分为Broström-Gould术组（54例）和Broström术组（52例）。术后3、6、12个月采用踝关节内翻应力试验和踝关节前抽屉试验检查踝关节稳定情况，并观察患者步态。采用美国足踝外科协会踝与后足评分（AOFAS-AH）和Karlsson踝关节功能评分（KAFS）评价踝关节功能；采用Tegner评分评估患者运动水平；采用足与踝关节预后评分（FAOS）（包含症状、疼痛、日常活动、运动、生活质量5项评分）评估患者日常活动能力。数据比较采用独立样本t检验、重复测量方差分析、LSD-t多重比较、χ2检验或Mann-Whitney U检验。 结果： 两组患者均顺利完成手术，切口均一期愈合，未出现感染，神经、血管损伤等并发症。术后3、6、12个月所有患者获得随访，踝关节内翻应力试验和踝关节前抽屉试验检查结果均为阴性，患者均恢复正常步态，无踝关节机械性不稳定及功能性不稳定，无患者接受翻修手术。重复测量方差分析结果显示，Broström-Gould术组和Broström术组患者术后AOFAS-AH、Tegner、KAFS、FAOS评分均较术前明显提高（P值均<0.01）。两组患者Tegner评分和FAOS中的运动评分，组间变化趋势的差异有统计学意义（F=18.839，P<0.01；F=8.169，P=0.005）。LSD-t多重比较发现术后3、6、12个月随访时，Broström-Gould 组的Tegner评分［3个月：（3.7±0.5）分比（3.3±0.5）分，LSD-t=-3.980，P<0.01；6个月：（4.4±0.6）分比（3.8±0.7）分，LSD-t=-4.792，P<0.01；12个月：（5.8±0.9）分比（5.1±1.0）分，LSD-t=-3.889，P<0.01］和FAOS中的运动评分［3个月：（82.5±3.7）分比（79.3±3.8）分，LSD-t=-4.316，P<0.01；6个月：（88.5±4.9）分比（85.7±3.8）分，LSD-t=-3.312，P=0.001；12个月：（90.1±4.3）分比（88.2±5.1）分，LSD-t=-2.112，P=0.037］均高于Broström组，差异均有统计学意义。 结论： 全内关节镜下Broström-Gould术和Broström术治疗CLRAI可在一定程度上恢复踝关节的稳定性，提高踝关节功能，但前者在患者运动功能恢复时间和运动能力恢复程度方面可能优于前者。.

Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of simultaneous arthroscopic repair of anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) and calcaneofibular ligament (CFL) for treating chronic lateral ankle instability (CLAI) in conjunction with subtalar instability (STI). Methods: This is a retrospective case series study. The clinical data of 15 patients with ankle arthroscopic in the Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from January 2019 to December 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. There were 11 male cases and 4 female cases, aged (28.6±1.5) years (range: 19 to 39 years). All the patients were evaluated by manual inversion stress X-ray and MRI before operation. Arthroscopically observing and then repairing the ATFL and CFL separately after further diagnostic confirmation. One year after operation, MRI was performed, and pain visual analogue score(VAS), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society ankle hindfoot scale (AOFAS-AH) and Karlsson ankle functional scale(KAFS) were evaluated. Data were compared using paired sample t test. Results: The follow-up period was (23.6±2.3) months (range: 12 to 30 months). At last follow-up,the VAS decreased from 6.1±1.4 preoperatively to 1.4±1.2(t=9.482, P<0.01).The AOFAS-AH improved from 50.5±11.7 preoperatively to 94.2±6.1(t=-13.132, P<0.01), and the KAFS improved from preoperatively 44.3±10.8 to 90.8±6.4 (t=-12.510, P<0.01). There was no complication such as recurred instability or joint stiffness. Conclusions: Arthroscopically repairing the ATFL and CFL separately can effectively restore the stability of the ankle and subtalar joint with small trauma. Patients can recover quickly after surgery. It provides a new idea for the clinical treatment of CLAI combined with STI.
目的： 探究关节镜下修复距腓前韧带（ATFL）和跟腓韧带（CFL）治疗慢性踝关节外侧不稳（CLAI）合并距下关节不稳（STI）的临床效果。 方法： 本研究为回顾性病例系列研究。回顾性分析2019年1月至2022年12月于苏州大学附属第二医院手足外科行关节镜手术治疗的15例CLAI合并STI患者的临床资料。男性11例，女性4例，年龄（28.6±1.5）岁（范围：19~39岁）。右侧9例，左侧6例。所有患者术前拍摄踝关节内翻应力位X线片并行MRI检查，术中在关节镜下采用拉索技术分别行ATFL和CFL修复术。术后1年复查MRI，记录患肢功能恢复情况，采用疼痛视觉模拟评分（VAS）、美国足踝外科协会踝与后足评分（AOFAS-AH）及Karlsson踝关节功能评分（KAFS）评估患肢疼痛和功能情况。手术前后数据比较采用配对样本t检验。 结果： 所有患者均获随访，随访时间（23.6±2.3）个月（范围：12~30个月），切口均一期愈合，未发生血管神经损伤、感染等并发症。末次随访时，AOFAS-AH由术前的（50.5±11.7）分升至（94.2±6.1）分（t=-13.132，P<0.01）；KAFS由术前的（44.3±10.8）分升至（90.8±6.4）分（t=-12.510，P<0.01）；VAS 由术前的（6.1±1.4）分降至（1.4±1.2）分（t=9.482，P<0.01），差异均有统计学意义。 结论： 采用关节镜技术修复ATFL和CFL可恢复患者踝关节和距下关节稳定性，且操作简便、创伤小、患者术后恢复快，为临床治疗CLAI合并STI提供了一种新思路。.

BACKGROUND: Posterior ankle impingement syndrome (PAIS) is sometimes complicated by bilateral cases and lateral ankle ligament injuries. Reports on bilateral surgery for PAIS and simultaneous surgery for lateral ankle ligament injury are scarce in the literature.
METHODS: We present a 2-year follow-up of 76 athletic patients who underwent endoscopic hindfoot surgery for PAIS. Patients were divided into those who underwent unilateral or simultaneous bilateral surgery and PAIS surgery alone or simultaneous bilateral PAIS surgery without arthroscopic ankle lateral ligament repair.
RESULTS: All patients returned to full athletic activities postoperatively. There was no difference in all subscales of the SAFE-Q score between groups except for mean days after surgery for full return to athletic activities.
CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous bilateral surgery and simultaneous arthroscopic lateral ankle ligament repair had no negative effect on subjective clinical evaluation 2 years after surgery in hindfoot endoscopic surgery for PAIS.
METHODS: III, retrospective case-control study.