背景:伊蚊和按蚊因传播引起疟疾的病原体而造成巨大的全球健康负担,淋巴丝虫病,登革热,黄热病。创新的媒介控制策略将有助于降低这些疾病的患病率。目前,大量饲养蚊子以进行研究和支持这些策略取决于脊椎动物的血液膳食,可以被收购,处理,和存储问题。已经为这些蚊子配制了各种无血替代品,但是这些替代品都没有得到广泛使用,对它们对蚊子感染疟原虫的能力的潜在影响知之甚少。
方法:将埃及伊蚊和斯蒂芬氏按蚊的菌落持续维持在无血替代品(SkitoSnack;SS)或牛血(BB)上,并监测充血率和孵化率。Ae的感染。埃及伊蚊和安.用疟原虫和恶性疟原虫对stephensi进行评估,分别。
结果:蚊子的复制菌落在BB或SS上维持了10代Ae。埃及伊蚊和超过63代的安。Stephensi.对于两个Ae,SS相对于BB维持的蚊子充血的几率更高。埃及伊蚊(OR=2.6,95%CI1.3-5.2)和An。斯蒂芬斯(OR2.7,95%CI1.4-5.5),而从这两个物种的SS维持蚊子中发现卵的孵化几率较低(Ae。埃及伊蚊OR=0.40,95%CI0.26-0.62;An。stephensiOR=0.59,95%CI0.36-0.96)。Ae的胆汁酸杆菌感染的卵囊计数相似。埃及伊蚊维持在SS或BB上(平均比率=[SS上的平均值]/[BB上的平均值]=1.11,95%CI0.85-1.49)。从SS或BB维持的An的恶性疟原虫感染中也观察到类似的卵囊计数。stephensi(平均比率=0.76,95%CI0.44-1.37)。子孢子/蚊子的平均计数没有显示出相对于两种物种的BB维持的蚊子的SS维持的减少的证据。
结论:埃及伊蚊和安。stephensi可以在SS上可靠地维持多代,并且与在BB上维持的蚊子一样有能力感染疟原虫。SS的使用减轻了获取和保存用于蚊子饲养的血液的需要,并可能支持基础和应用研究的新举措。包括对中肠微生物群的新操作以及对蚊子生命周期和病原体易感性重要的因素。
BACKGROUND: Aedes and Anopheles mosquitoes are responsible for tremendous global health burdens from their transmission of pathogens causing malaria, lymphatic filariasis, dengue, and yellow fever. Innovative vector control strategies will help to reduce the prevalence of these diseases. Mass rearing of mosquitoes for research and support of these strategies presently depends on meals of vertebrate blood, which is subject to acquisition, handling, and storage issues. Various blood-free replacements have been formulated for these mosquitoes, but none of these replacements are in wide use, and little is known about their potential impact on competence of the mosquitoes for Plasmodium infection.
METHODS: Colonies of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi were continuously maintained on a blood-free replacement (SkitoSnack; SS) or bovine blood (BB) and monitored for engorgement and hatch rates. Infections of Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi were assessed with Plasmodium gallinaceum and P. falciparum, respectively.
RESULTS: Replicate colonies of mosquitoes were maintained on BB or SS for 10 generations of Ae. aegypti and more than 63 generations of An. stephensi. The odds of engorgement by SS- relative to BB-maintained mosquitoes were higher for both Ae. aegypti (OR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.3-5.2) and An. stephensi (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.4-5.5), while lower odds of hatching were found for eggs from the SS-maintained mosquitoes of both species (Ae. aegypti OR = 0.40, 95% CI 0.26-0.62; An. stephensi OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.96). Oocyst counts were similar for P. gallinaceum infections of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes maintained on SS or BB (mean ratio = [mean on SS]/[mean on BB] = 1.11, 95% CI 0.85-1.49). Similar oocyst counts were also observed from the P. falciparum infections of SS- or BB-maintained An. stephensi (mean ratio = 0.76, 95% CI 0.44-1.37). The average counts of sporozoites/mosquito showed no evidence of reductions in the SS-maintained relative to BB-maintained mosquitoes of both species.
CONCLUSIONS: Aedes aegypti and An. stephensi can be reliably maintained on SS over multiple generations and are as competent for Plasmodium infection as mosquitoes maintained on BB. Use of SS alleviates the need to acquire and preserve blood for mosquito husbandry and may support new initiatives in fundamental and applied research, including novel manipulations of midgut microbiota and factors important to the mosquito life cycle and pathogen susceptibility.