全球,各种吸入剂被广泛滥用于娱乐目的,丁烷和丙烷是最常见的滥用挥发性物质之一,构成猝死的重大风险。吸入后这些高挥发性化合物的快速消除和氧化需要鉴定生物样品中的丁烷和丙烷及其代谢物。因此,这项研究的主要目的是双重的:首先,建立分析丁烷的方法,丙烷,和代谢物,其次,显示与吸入丁烷和丙烷相关的检测窗口和暴露指标。为了实现这个目标,我们开发了测定异丁烷的分析方法,正丁烷,丙烷,以及它们在血液和尿液中的九种代谢产物.采用顶空-气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)和固相微萃取-GC-MS进行分析,证明可接受的精度和准确性。一项动物研究表明,暴露后5分钟,大鼠血液中的异丁烷和正丁烷仅可检测到低于定量限(LOQ)。同时,三种主要的代谢产物-2-甲基-2-丙醇,2-丁醇,暴露后5分钟观察到2-丁酮,但即使暴露后5小时也能在大鼠尿液中持续存在。此外,人类尿液样本鉴定出其他代谢物,包括丙酮,丙酮,和2,3-丁二醇异构体。与每种吸入剂相对应的特定代谢物的存在证实了丁烷和丙烷的滥用。这种全面的方法为检测和评估这些挥发性物质的吸入提供了有价值的见解。
Worldwide, various inhalants are widely abused for recreational purposes, with butane and propane emerging as among the most commonly misused volatile substances, posing a significant risk of sudden death. The rapid elimination and oxidation of these highly volatile compounds upon inhalation necessitate the identification of butane and propane along with their metabolites in biological samples. Hence, the primary objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to establish a method for analyzing butane, propane, and metabolites, and secondly, to demonstrate the detection window and exposure indicators associated with the inhalation of butane and propane. In pursuit of this objective, we developed analytical methods for the determination of isobutane, n-butane, propane, and their nine metabolites in both blood and urine. Headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and solid-phase microextraction-GC-MS were employed for the analyses, demonstrating acceptable precision and accuracy. An animal study revealed that isobutane and n-butane were only detectable below the limit of quantification (LOQ) in rat blood 5 min after exposure. Meanwhile, the three major metabolites-2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-butanone-were observed 5 min after exposure but persisted in rat urine even 5 h post-exposure. Additionally, human urine samples identified other metabolites, including acetone, acetoin, and 2,3-butanediol isomers. The presence of specific metabolites corresponding to each inhalant confirmed the abuse of butane and propane. This comprehensive approach provides valuable insights into the detection and assessment of inhalation to these volatile substances.