BACKGROUND: Vacuoles, E1 enzyme, X-linked, autoinflammatory, somatic (VEXAS) is an autoinflammatory condition with overlapping features of rheumatology and haematology caused by somatic mutations in the UBA1 gene. Patients present with highly variable symptoms and their path towards diagnosis are often complicated and characterised by extensive examinations. It is, therefore, pivotal that clinicians become familiar with the clinical presentation of VEXAS to advance identification of patients with the disease.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to (1) characterise patients diagnosed with VEXAS in a tertiary rheumatology referral centre, (2) identify common rheumatological biomarkers that may distinguish VEXAS from other rheumatic diseases and (3) suggest which clinical findings should motivate genetic testing for VEXAS.
METHODS: Patients were identified and diagnosed at the department of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital (AUH), Denmark. Blood samples were examined for VEXAS-associated UBA1 variants by Sanger sequencing at the department of Clinical Immunology, AUH. Clinical and biochemical data were retrieved from the hospital electronic patient chart.
RESULTS: Eleven male patients with clinical suspicion of VEXAS underwent sequencing. Five of these carried known VEXAS-associated variants. Median age at diagnosis was 84 (75-87) years. All patients had significantly elevated inflammatory markers with a median C-reactive protein (CRP) of 297 (196-386) mg/L and macrocytic anaemia. None of the patients presented common biomarkers for autoimmunity.
CONCLUSIONS: Danish patients with VEXAS syndrome are men with persistent inflammation, constitutional symptoms and heterogeneous clinical presentations. Shared features for all patients in this study were highly elevated inflammatory markers, macrocytic anaemia and negative autoimmune biomarkers.

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免疫出生缺陷（IEI）是一类主要由单基因变异导致免疫细胞数量和（或）功能异常的疾病。早期诊断和合理治疗是拯救IEI患儿生命，改善其生活质量，减轻家庭及社会医疗负担的重要举措。IEI的新生儿筛查逐渐开展。为此，中华医学会儿科学分会免疫学组、国家儿童健康与疾病临床医学研究中心以及中华儿科杂志编辑委员会组织相关领域专家，围绕IEI新生儿筛查流程与相关问题达成10条共识，以期规范和指导IEI的新生儿筛查工作。.

免疫出生缺陷（IEI）是一类主要由单基因突变导致的免疫细胞数量和（或）功能异常的遗传性疾病，部分IEI发病极早，甚至在宫内即出现严重的器官损害。IEI的产前干预对预防出生缺陷和提供更佳的治疗选择具有重要意义。近年来，扩展性携带者筛查、游离胎儿DNA检测、基因测序等技术在遗传性疾病的产前筛查及诊断中广泛被应用，宫内干细胞移植、宫内基因治疗等或将为遗传性疾病带去新的治疗希望，但目前针对IEI的产前干预研究有限。本文综述了IEI的产前筛查、产前诊断及可能的宫内治疗相关的研究及临床进展，以期促进临床对IEI产前干预的认知和恰当实践。.

Environmental mismatches are defined as changes in the environment that induce public health crises. Well known mismatches leading to chronic disease include the availability of technologies that facilitate unhealthy diets and sedentary lifestyles, both factors that adversely affect cardiovascular health. This commentary puts these mismatches in context with biota alteration, an environmental mismatch involving hygiene-related technologies necessary for avoidance of infectious disease. Implementation of hygiene-related technologies causes a loss of symbiotic helminths and protists, profoundly affecting immune function and facilitating a variety of chronic conditions, including allergic disorders, autoimmune diseases, and several inflammation-associated neuropsychiatric conditions. Unfortunately, despite an established understanding of the biology underpinning this and other environmental mismatches, public health agencies have failed to stem the resulting tide of increased chronic disease burden. Both biomedical research and clinical practice continue to focus on an ineffective and reactive pharmaceutical-based paradigm. It is argued that the healthcare of the future could take into account the biology of today, effectively and proactively dealing with environmental mismatch and the resulting chronic disease burden.

PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) is the most abundant small non-coding RNA in animal cells, typically 26-31 nucleotides in length and it binds with PIWI proteins, a subfamily of Argonaute proteins. Initially discovered in germ cells, piRNA is well known for its role in silencing transposons and maintaining genome integrity. However, piRNA is also present in somatic cells as well as in extracellular vesicles and exosomes. While piRNA has been extensively studied in various diseases, particular cancer, its function in immune diseases remains unclear. In this review, we summarize current research on piRNA in immune diseases. We first introduce the basic characteristics, biogenesis and functions of piRNA. Then, we review the association of piRNA with different types of immune diseases, including autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiency diseases, infectious diseases, and other immune-related diseases. piRNA is considered a promising biomarker for diseases, highlighting the need for further research into its potential mechanisms in disease pathogenesis.

Immunological diseases are typically heterogeneous in clinical presentation, severity and response to therapy. Biomarkers of immune diseases often reflect this variability, especially compared to their regulated behaviour in health. This leads to a common difficulty that frustrates biomarker discovery and interpretation - namely, unequal dispersion of immune disease biomarker expression between patient classes necessarily limits a biomarker\'s informative range. To solve this problem, we introduce dataset restriction, a procedure that splits datasets into classifiable and unclassifiable samples. Applied to synthetic flow cytometry data, restriction identifies biomarkers that are otherwise disregarded. In advanced melanoma, restriction finds biomarkers of immune-related adverse event risk after immunotherapy and enables us to build multivariate models that accurately predict immunotherapy-related hepatitis. Hence, dataset restriction augments discovery of immune disease biomarkers, increases predictive certainty for classifiable samples and improves multivariate models incorporating biomarkers with a limited informative range. This principle can be directly extended to any classification task.

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