BACKGROUND: The Norwegian Childhood Immunization Program maintains a high national coverage of 95-97% in the most recent years. Whether there are subgroups with lower uptake is less studied. This study examines pertussis and measles vaccination coverage among six immigrant groups in Norway. These vaccines are normally administered as part of different combination vaccines and their coverage rate indicate the national vaccination coverage against a range of additional infections.
METHODS: Data from the Norwegian National Population Register were linked at individual level with vaccination data from the Norwegian Immunisation Registry. The final sample consisted of 53,052 children born during 2000-2018 in Norway to parents who were born in Iraq, Lithuania, Pakistan, Poland, Somalia, or Vietnam. Vaccination coverage was measured at 2-years of age. Multivariate linear regression was utilized to estimate the relationship between vaccinations status, year of birth, gender, mother\'s length of residency in Norway, and area of residence.
RESULTS: At two years of age, the majority of the children were vaccinated. Coverage among the groups varied at, above, and below the national average for the two vaccines. For most of the years examined, children born by parents from Lithuania, Poland, and Somalia had lower coverage for the measles vaccine (range 81-84% in 2020) than the national level (97% in 2020). Children born by parents from the Eastern-European countries also had lower coverage than the national level for the pertussis vaccine (range 87-89% in 2020).
CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates how subgroups with lower vaccination coverage may exists within a well-established vaccination program with high national coverages. Differences in coverage were found for both vaccines, but the differences were more pronounced for the measles vaccine. The high vaccination coverage in Norway provides indirect protection through herd immunity for unvaccinated individuals, however, the lower vaccination coverage in some immigrant groups is a concern.

Grocery store environments are recognized as one of the most crucial community settings for developing and maintaining healthy nutritional behaviors in children. This is especially true for disadvantaged ethnic minority families, such as immigrants, who reside in the Detroit Metropolitan area and have historically experienced inequities that result in poor health outcomes. Rates of obesity and type II diabetes have affected Detroit 38% more than the rest of the state and nationwide. In 2019, almost 54% of children aged 0-17 in Metro Detroit lived in poverty, and 21.6% experienced food insecurity, compared with the state level of 14.2%. Moreover, nearly 50% of ethnic minority children in Metro Detroit consume sports drinks, and 70% consume soda or pop in an average week. The primary purpose of this study was to explore immigrant parents\' perspectives on (1) how in-store Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (SSB) marketing impacts the purchasing behaviors of parents and the eating behaviors of toddlers, and the secondary objective was to (2) determine strategies to reduce SSB purchases and consumption within grocery environments from the viewpoints of immigrant parents. A qualitative multiple-case study design was used to achieve the aims of this study. Semi-structured individual interviews were completed with 18 immigrant parents of children aged 2 to 5 years old who were consumers in 30 independently owned full-service grocery stores within the immigrant enclaves of Detroit, Dearborn, Hamtramck, and Warren, Michigan. Three key thematic categories emerged from the parents\' narratives. These themes were: (1) non-supportive grocery store environments; (2) acculturation to the American food environment; and (3) strategies to support reduced SSB consumption among young immigrant children. The findings of this study revealed widespread SSB marketing targeting toddlers within the participating independently owned grocery stores. Even if families with young children practiced healthy nutritional behaviors, the prices, placements, and promotion of SSBs were challenges to establishing and sustaining these healthy eating habits. The parents believed that planning and implementing retail-based strategies in collaboration with families and considering families\' actual demands would assist in managing children\'s eating patterns and reducing early childhood obesity.

UNASSIGNED: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates for children of immigrant parents are substantially lower than US peers. This study aimed (1) to assess the prevalence of immigrant parents\' unwillingness to vaccinate their daughters, (2) to compare by race/ethnicity the prevalence of immigrant parents\' unwillingness to vaccinate their daughters, and (3) to examine predictors of the unwillingness stratified by race/ethnicity.
UNASSIGNED: This study conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). HPV-related data were extracted and analyzed from first-generation immigrant parents (n = 784) with daughters 11-12 years of age.
UNASSIGNED: The frequency of unwillingness was high for all racial/ethnic groups (43-58%). Non-Hispanic White and Asian parents who were aware of or heard about the HPV vaccine were less likely to be unwilling to vaccinate their daughters. Also, older Hispanic immigrant parents were more likely to be unwilling to vaccinate their daughters for HPV.
UNASSIGNED: To curb future incidences of HPV-related cervical cancers among second-generation immigrant women, efforts are needed to encourage first-generation immigrant parents to presently vaccinate their daughters for HPV.

UNASSIGNED: Immigrant parents of adolescents experience challenges in their role as parents in the new country and express a need for parental support. Still, they are underrepresented in existing parenting programs and when they do attend, their parenting practices improve less than what they do among native parents. Self-assured parents (SAP; Swe. Trygga Föräldrar) targets immigrant parents living in deprived areas in Sweden who worry about their adolescents\' adjustment. This study\'s purposes are to examine if SAP is a feasible intervention in Swedish municipalities and if SAP is effective in reaching its aims, namely to promote parental self-efficacy and parent-adolescent communication and to reduce parents\' worries in the target group.
UNASSIGNED: SAP will be evaluated when implemented by social workers in three Swedish municipalities using a culturally-informed mixed design procedure. Parents will be recruited to the program by local social workers. Groups leaders will be interviewed, observed, and they will fill out self-reports to measure implementation quality, including fidelity and acceptability. A group of parents will be interviewed to better understand their perceived challenges and needs in their parenting in Sweden and their experience of participating in SAP. An interrupted time series design with three measurements before, two measurements during, and two measurements after the intervention has ended will be employed using self-reports of parental self-efficacy, parent-child communication, and parents\' worries. Informed consent will be collected from all study participants.
UNASSIGNED: Immigrant parents living in deprived areas is an understudied and marginalized population. There is a lack of culturally-informed, evidence-based parenting programs aimed at this group in Sweden. The need for specifically developed programs for immigrant parents living in deprived areas with teenage children, has been voiced by both immigrant parents themselves and the Swedish government. Thus, this study will contribute not only to the scientific literature, but also to social service practice and potentially policy making.

Background: Immigrant Arab American families face multiple stressors related to migration and resettlement. Telomere length (TL) is an established biomarker of aging and psychosocial stress. No published studies have concurrently examined the association between maternal and paternal psychosocial factors and infants\' TL. The purpose of this study was to: (1) compare mother, father, and infant TLs; (2) explore the association of maternal and paternal psychosocial factors (acculturative stress and depressive symptoms) with maternal and paternal TL; and (3) explore the association of maternal and paternal psychosocial factors with infants\' TL among Arab American immigrants. Method: Using a cross-sectional exploratory design, a sample of 52 immigrant Arab American mother-father-infant triads were recruited from community centers. Data were collected in a single home visit when the infant was 6-24 months old. Each parent completed the study questionnaires addressing their psychosocial factors (acculturative stress, and depressive symptoms), then parents and infants provided buccal cell for TL measurement. Results: Maternal TL was positively correlated to infants\' TL (r = .31, p = .04) and significantly shorter (p < .001). Paternal TL was not correlated with infant TL but was significantly shorter than infant\'s TL (p < .001). Maternal depression was significantly correlated with mothers\' TL (r = .4, p = .007). Higher levels of maternal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with shorter infant TL when controlling for background characteristics. Conclusions: Our pilot study is the first study to examine maternal and paternal psychosocial factors related to migration and infants\' TL. More research is needed to advance our understanding of the effects of immigration on the intergenerational transfer of stress and trauma.

Background: This study assessed whether policies that limit Mexican immigrants\' access to care affects their children\'s access to a regular source of care, health insurance, and timely preventive health visits. Method: This was a cross-sectional study among Mexican immigrant parents who attended a health promotion program in Texas, Nevada, New York, and Illinois. A sociodemographic survey, including parental and child variables, was administered. Results: Children of parents without health insurance were almost four times more likely to be uninsured and eight times more likely to lack a regular source of care. Children of parents without a regular source of care were less than half as likely to have their own regular source of care than children whose parents had a regular source of care. Discussion: Findings suggest when parents are uninsured/lack a regular source of care, a child\'s health disparity is created. Reducing disparities in health care coverage, affecting foreign-born parents, positively impacts their children\'s access to care. Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT03209713.

OBJECTIVE: Parents have a key role regarding young people\'s access to sexual and reproductive health services, thus their perceptions go a long way towards promoting or discouraging young people from using such services. Research has revealed that immigrant young people in Sweden access these essential services to a lesser extent than their native peers, and that they perceive their parents as unsupportive of such visits. This pilot study\'s objective was to explore immigrant parents\' perceptions and experiences of the sexual and reproductive health services provided by Swedish youth clinics.
RESULTS: Two categories were developed from the data analysis: (i) Youth clinics are well-known (to some) and appreciated (to a certain extent), and (ii) Parents feel left out from youth clinics and that the clinics have taken over parental responsibility. This study presents an ambivalent scenario connected to immigrant parents\' experiences and perceptions of having neither a space nor a voice within the existing youth clinic model. Parents expressed the desire for the youth clinics to recognise their cultural backgrounds, norms, and beliefs while providing sexual and reproductive health services to their children.

Peripartum depression (PPD) is considered a major public health concern due to its profound impact on families, including infants. In this paper, we report on a pilot initiative designed to reduce barriers and stigma related to the use of traditional infant mental health services for immigrant parents deemed at high risk of PPD. The Crying Clinic (CC) is an innovative walk-in service offered in a culturally diverse Canadian community to support maternal well-being and healthy parent-infant relationships. The CC was designed to be a gateway to existing infant mental health services, through its emphasis on accessibility and cultural sensitivity. Support for concrete concerns, such as anxiety about normative infant behaviors like crying, is underscored in this approach to attract vulnerable families who would otherwise not access mental health support. A review of 44 users, utilization, plans for the use of additional services, and client evaluations suggests that the CC accomplished most of its goals. We conclude that gateway service models such as the CC have the potential to enhance traditional infant mental health programs by creatively addressing the challenge of engaging highly vulnerable parents from culturally diverse backgrounds.
La depresión durante el período inmediatamente antes, durante e inmediatamente después del parto, o peri-parto (PPD) es considerada una preocupación seria de la salud pública debido a su profundo impacto en las familias, incluyendo los infantes (v.g., Howard, Piot y Stein, 2014). En este ensayo, reportamos acerca de una iniciativa experimental diseñada para reducir barreras y el estigma relacionado con el uso de los servicios tradicionales de salud mental infantil por parte de progenitores inmigrantes a quienes se les considera como de alto riesgo con respecto al PPD. La Clínica del Llanto -The Crying Clinic - (CC) en un innovador servicio al que se puede recurrir sin cita previa y que se ofrece en una comunidad canadiense culturalmente diversa con el fin de apoyar el bienestar materno y las saludables relaciones progenitor-infante. La CC fue diseñada para ser una puerta de entrada a los servicios de salud mental infantil existentes, por medio de enfatizar la accesibilidad y la sensibilidad cultural. El apoyo a preocupaciones concretas, tales como la ansiedad acerca de las conductas normativas del infante -el llanto, por ejemplo- es recalcado por medio de este acercamiento para atraer a familias vulnerables que de otra manera no buscarían acceso al apoyo de salud mental. Una revisión de 44 usuarios, la utilización, planes para el uso de servicios adicionales, así como las evaluaciones de los clientes sugieren que la CC alcanzó la mayoría de sus metas. Concluimos con que los modelos de servicios que sirven de puerta de entrada tales como la CC cuentan con el potencial para mejorar los programas tradicionales de salud mental infantil por medio de responder creativamente al reto de atraer a progenitores altamente vulnerables de trasfondos culturales diversos.
La dépression périnatale (PPD) est considérée comme étant un problème de santé publique extrêmement important du fait de son impact profond sur les familles, y compris les nourrissons (par exemple Hoard, Piot, & Stein, 2014). Dans cet article nous faisons part d\'une initiative pilote conçue afin de réduire les barrières et le sigma lié à l\'utilisation de services de santé mentale traditionnels pour des parents immigrés à risque élevé de PPD. La Clinique Pleurs (en anglais Crying Clinic, soit ici CC) est un service clinique sans rendez-vous innovateur disponible dans une communauté canadienne culturellement diverse pour soutenir le bien-être maternel et des relations parent-nourrisson saines. La CC a été conçue afin d’être une porte d\'entrée à des services de santé mentale du nourrisson existants, à travers son accent sur l\'accessibilité et la sensibilité culturelle. Le soutien pour des problèmes concrets, comme par exemple l\'anxiété à propos de comportements normatifs du nourrisson comme les pleurs, est souligné dans cette approche afin d\'attirer des familles vulnérables qui autrement n\'accèderaient pas à un soutien de santé mentale. Une étude de 44 utilisateurs, de l\'utilisation, des projets pour l\'utilisation de services supplémentaires et des évaluations de clients suggère que la CC a rempli la plupart de ses buts. Nous concluons que des modèles de service d\'entrée tels que la CC ont le potentiel de mettre en valeur des programmes traditionnels de santé mentale du nourrisson en répondant au défi qu\'il y a d\'engager des parents extrêmement vulnérables issus de milieux culturellement divers de manière créative.
Die „Crying Clinic“: Verbesserung des Zugangs zu kinderpsychiatrischen Diensten für Eltern mit Migrationshintergrund, bei denen das Risiko einer peripartalen Depression besteht Peripartale Depression (PPD) ist aufgrund der tiefgreifenden Auswirkungen auf Familien, einschließlich der Säuglinge, ein großes Problem des öffentlichen Gesundheitswesens (z. B. Howard, Piot & Stein, 2014). In dieser Arbeit berichten wir über eine Pilotinitiative zum Abbau von Barrieren und Stigma im Zusammenhang mit der Inanspruchnahme traditioneller kindepsychiatrischer Dienste für Eltern mit Migrationshintergrund, bei denen ein hohes Risiko für PPD besteht. Die „Crying Clinic“ (CC) ist ein innovativer „walk-in“ Service, der in einer kulturell vielfältigen kanadischen Gemeinde angeboten wird, um mütterliches Wohlbefinden und gesunde Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen zu fördern. Die CC wurde als Türöffner zu bestehenden psychiatrischen Diensten für Säuglinge konzipiert, indem der Schwerpunkt auf Zugänglichkeit und kultureller Sensibilität liegt. Der Ansatz legt den Fokus auf eine Unterstützung bei konkreten Problemen, wie beispielsweise die Angst vor normativen kindlichen Verhaltensweisen wie Schreien. Dadurch sollen vulnerable Familien erreicht werden, die sonst keinen Zugang zu psychischer Unterstützung hätten. Ein Review von 44 Klient_innen, die Nutzung, Pläne für die Nutzung zusätzlicher Dienste und Klient_innenbewertungen legen nahe, dass die CC die meisten ihrer Ziele erreicht hat. Wir kommen zu dem Schluss, dass Türöffner-Servicemodelle wie das CC das Potenzial haben, traditionelle Programme zur psychischen Gesundheit von Säuglingen zu verbessern, indem sie sich auf kreative Art und Weise der Herausforderung stellen, vulnerable Eltern mit kulturell diversem Hintergrund einzubeziehen.
クライング・クリニック:周産期うつ病のリスクのある移民の親に関する乳 幼児精神保健サービスへの利用可能性の増加 周産期うつ病(PPD)は、乳児を含め、家族への深刻な影響により、重要な公衆衛 生上の問題である(例:Howard, Piot, & Stein, 2014)。本論文では、PPDのハイ リスクと思われる移民の親に対して、従来の乳幼児精神保健サービスの使用に関 連する障壁とスティグマを減らすために考案された試験的事業について報告する。 クライング・クリニック(CC)は、文化的に多様なカナダの地域において、母親の 健康及び健康的な親子関係を支援するために、予約なしで受けることのできる革 新的なサービスである。 CCは、利用可能性と文化的な感受性を重視することを 通して、現存する乳幼児精神保健サービスへの入り口になるよう考案された。こ のアプローチにおいて、さもなければ精神保健の支援にアクセスすることのない 脆弱な家族を引き付けるために、具体的な心配−例えば、「泣く」のような標準 的な乳幼児の行動についての不安−に対する支援が強調されている。44人の利用 者の、利用や追加サービス使用に関する予定とクライエント評価についてのレビ ューにおいて、CCはその目標のほとんどを達成したことを示唆している。 CCの ような入り口サービスモデルは、文化的に多様な背景をもった非常に脆弱な人を 引き込むことの困難さに創造的に取り組むことによって従来の乳幼児精神保健プ ログラムを向上させる可能性があることと結論付けた。.
由于围产期抑郁症 (PPD) 对包括婴儿在内的家庭 (例如, Howard, Piot和Stein, 2014) 有深远影响, 因此它被认为是重大的公共卫生问题。在本文中, 我们报告了一项试点举措, 旨在减少被认为具有PPD高风险的移民父母在使用传统婴儿心理健康服务方面的障碍和歧视。哭闹诊所 (CC) 是一项创新的步入式服务, 在文化多元的加拿大社区中提供, 以支持孕产妇的健康和良好的亲子关系。通过强调无障碍性和文化敏感性, CC成为现有婴儿心理健康服务的门户。这种方法强调了对具体问题的支持, 例如对婴儿哭闹等正常行为的焦虑, 以吸引那些本来无法获得心理健康支持的脆弱家庭。对44个用户、利用率、额外服务使用计划和客户评价的审查表明, CC实现了大部分目标。我们的结论是, 像CC这样的门户服务模式, 有潜力创造性地应对来自不同文化背景的高度脆弱的父母的挑战, 以期增强传统的婴儿心理健康计划。.
عيادة البكاء: زيادة إتاحة خدمات الصحة النفسية للرضع للآباء المهاجرين المعرضين لخطر اكتئاب ما حول الولادة يعتبر اكتئاب ما حول الولادة (PPD) مصدر قلق كبير على الصحة العامة بسبب تأثيره العميق على الأسر، بما في ذلك الرضع (هوارد، بيوت، وشتاين، 2014). في هذا البحث، نتناول مبادرة رائدة تهدف إلى الحد من الحواجز والوصمة الاجتماعية فيما يتعلق باستخدام خدمات الصحة النفسية التقليدية للرضع للآباء المهاجرين الذين يعتبرون معرضين لخطر الإصابة باكتئاب ما حول الولادة. عيادة البكاء(CC) هي خدمة مبتكرة تقدم في مجتمع كندي متنوع ثقافياً لدعم رفاهية الأمهات والعلاقات الصحية بين الوالدين والرضع. وقد صُمم هذا البرنامج ليكون بوابة لخدمات الصحة النفسية القائمة للرضع، من خلال تركيزه على إتاحة الوصول والحساسية الثقافية. ويتم التأكيد في هذا النهج على دعم الشواغل الملموسة، مثل القلق بشأن سلوكيات الرضع الاعتيادية مثل البكاء، لجذب الأسر الضعيفة التي لولا ذلك لم تكن لتحصل على دعم الصحة النفسية. ويشير استعراض 44 من المستخدمين، واستخداماتهم، وخطط تلقي خدمات إضافية، وتقييمات العملاء إلى أن البرنامج حقق معظم أهدافه. نستنتج أن نماذج خدمات البوابات مثلCC لديها القدرة على تعزيز برامج الصحة النفسية التقليدية للرضع من خلال التصدي بشكل خلاق للتحدي المتمثل في إشراك الآباء المعرضين للمخاطرة العالية من خلفيات متنوعة ثقافيا.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether immigrant parental stress predicts the risk of child maltreatment better than previously identified risk factors. Data were collected from 366 Korean immigrant parents who have at least one unmarried child (migrant or U.S. born child). Participants completed the Conflict Tactics Scales: Parent-Child version (CTSPC) and Immigrant Parental Stress Inventory (IPSI). A series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify significant predictors for the risk of child maltreatment. The final model with immigrant parental stress significantly predicted the risk of child maltreatment better than the initial model including only previously identified risk factors. Immigrant parental stress was the strongest predictor of psychologically aggressive and neglectful behaviors. Implications for practice and recommendations for future research are suggested.

Prior literature shows that values and life goals are associated with one\'s long-term levels of well-being. However, not much has been done on values and life goals among immigrants in New Zealand. This study aimed to address this lack of research by examining the personal values and life goals among immigrant parents in New Zealand. Based on the literature review, the hypothesis of this study is that immigrant parents\' intrinsic life goals were positively correlated with their spiritual values. In contrast, extrinsic goals did not have similar effects. Quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The aspirations index, which was used to assess life goals, and the Schwartz\' value survey, which measured the participants\' personal values, were both distributed to the participants (N = 90). Follow-up interviews with 30 of the participants were also conducted. This research revealed that spiritual values were positively correlated with intrinsic goals and that extrinsic goals did not have similar correlations. Findings also showed that the primary role of life goals and spiritual values is to imbue parenting with a greater sense of purpose and meaning. As the research findings showed that spiritual values were positively correlated with intrinsic goals, helping immigrant parents to find meaning and purpose in parenting may promote child and family well-being. The paper discusses implications for parent education, social services, and future research.