2019年冠状病毒病(COVID-19),由新型严重急性呼吸道综合症冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)引起,世界卫生组织(WHO)于2020年3月11日宣布为全球大流行。SARS-CoV-2针对呼吸系统,导致发烧等症状,头痛,干咳,呼吸困难,和头晕。这些症状因人而异,从轻度到缺氧,伴有急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS),有时甚至死亡。虽然没有证实,系统发育分析表明,SARS-CoV-2可能起源于蝙蝠;促进其从蝙蝠转移到人类的中介尚不清楚。由于SARS-CoV-2引起的感染的迅速传播和大量死亡,大多数国家都制定了严格的宵禁和社会距离的做法,同时等待有效的美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)批准的药物和/或疫苗。这篇综述概述了各种类型的冠状病毒(CoV),它们的靶向宿主和细胞受体,它们出现的时间表,以及免疫系统关键要素在抵抗病原体攻击中的作用,同时关注SARS-CoV-2及其基因组结构和发病机制。此外,我们回顾了正在研究和临床试验中的针对COVID-19的药物,除了使用间充质干细胞治疗COVID-19的进展。最后,我们回顾了COVID-19疫苗开发的最新更新。了解SARS-CoV-2如何与宿主细胞相互作用并刺激免疫反应的分子机制极为重要,特别是当科学家寻找新的策略来指导他们开发特定的COVID-19疗法和疫苗时。
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a global pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 targets the respiratory system, resulting in symptoms such as fever, headache, dry cough, dyspnea, and dizziness. These symptoms vary from person to person, ranging from mild to hypoxia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sometimes death. Although not confirmed, phylogenetic analysis suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may have originated from bats; the intermediary facilitating its transfer from bats to humans is unknown. Owing to the rapid spread of infection and high number of deaths caused by SARS-CoV-2, most countries have enacted strict curfews and the practice of social distancing while awaiting the availability of effective U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medications and/or vaccines. This review offers an overview of the various types of coronaviruses (CoVs), their targeted hosts and cellular receptors, a timeline of their emergence, and the roles of key elements of the immune system in fighting pathogen attacks, while focusing on SARS-CoV-2 and its genomic structure and pathogenesis. Furthermore, we review drugs targeting COVID-19 that are under investigation and in clinical trials, in addition to progress using mesenchymal stem cells to treat COVID-19. We conclude by reviewing the latest updates on COVID-19 vaccine development. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how SARS-CoV-2 interacts with host cells and stimulates the immune response is extremely important, especially as scientists look for new strategies to guide their development of specific COVID-19 therapies and vaccines.