背景:家庭空气污染(HAP)是非传染性疾病的主要危险因素,每年在发展中国家造成数百万人过早死亡。生活在高海拔地区的人群特别容易受到HAP和相关健康结果的影响。
目的:本研究旨在探索活动模式之间的关系,HAP,以及仅在烹饪和取暖期间在100个喜马拉雅游牧民族家庭中的HAP生物标志物。
方法:在青海100户农村家庭中监测家庭一氧化碳,中国,在喜马拉雅游牧民族之间的喜马拉雅高原上3500m。使用羧基血红蛋白(COHb)作为生物标志物来评估100名男性和100名女性户主的暴露。线性混合效应模型用于探索COHb与活动模式之间的关系。
结果:与加热期相比,烹饪期的家庭CO浓度高7倍(94±56ppm和13±11ppm,分别)。在每个房子的三天生物标志物监测期间,99%的受试者具有超过2%的WHO安全水平的至少一次COHb测量。烹饪与COHb增加32%相关(p<0.001)。
■这项关于高海拔地区家庭空气污染(HAP)的研究为青海游牧民族家庭的暴露模式提供了重要的见解,中国。研究发现,烹饪是影响女性急性一氧化碳(CO)暴露的主要因素,而仅加热就足以使CO暴露高于WHO指南。结果表明,仅烹饪干预措施有可能减少女性的HAP暴露。但是可能需要烹饪和加热的解决方案,以将COHb降低到低于WHO指南。这项研究的发现可能为未来的燃料和火炉选择干预措施提供信息,以减少HAP和其他人群的暴露。
BACKGROUND: Household air pollution (HAP) is a major risk factor of non-communicable diseases, causing millions of premature deaths each year in developing nations. Populations living at high altitudes are particularly vulnerable to HAP and associated health outcomes.
OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the relationships between activity patterns, HAP, and an HAP biomarker among 100 Himalayan nomadic households during both cooking and heating-only periods.
METHODS: Household CO was monitored in 100 rural homes in Qinghai, China, at 3500 m on the Himalayan Plateau among Himalayan nomads. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) was used as a biomarker to assess exposure among 100 male and 100 female heads of household. Linear mixed-effects models were used to explore the relationship between COHb and activity patterns.
RESULTS: Cooking periods were associated with 7 times higher household CO concentrations compared with heating periods (94 ± 56 ppm and 13 ± 11 ppm, respectively). Over the three-day biomarker-monitoring period in each house, 99% of subjects had at least one COHb measurement exceeding the WHO safety level of 2%. Cooking was associated with a 32% increase in COHb (p < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: This study on household air pollution (HAP) in high-altitude regions provides important insights into the exposure patterns of nomadic households in Qinghai, China. The study found that cooking is the primary factor influencing acute carbon monoxide (CO) exposure among women, while heating alone is sufficient to elevate CO exposure above WHO guidelines. The results suggest that cooking-only interventions have the potential to reduce HAP exposure among women, but solutions for both cooking and heating may be required to reduce COHb to below WHO guidelines. This study\'s findings may inform future interventions for fuel and stove selection to reduce HAP and exposure among other populations.