尽管它在水上活动中很受欢迎,比如游泳,冲浪,钓鱼,和漂流,内陆和沿海洗浴区偶尔会爆发高致病性禽流感病毒(HPAI),包括A(H5N1)进化枝2.3.4.4b.无症状的感染和有症状的爆发经常影响许多水生鸟类,这增加了溢出事件对哺乳动物的机会,并对公众健康构成担忧。这篇综述审查了现有文献,以评估禽流感病毒(AIV)对泳客和普通人群的传播风险。目前缺乏对控制AIV宿主范围的这种交叉的因素的全面了解。对影响风险的关键因素的了解有限,例如与宿主细胞的物种特异性相互作用(包括结合,条目,通过病毒蛋白血凝素复制,神经氨酸酶,核蛋白,和聚合酶碱性蛋白2),克服主机限制,和先天免疫反应。AIV通过食用受感染的鸟类,在水生环境中的鸟类之间以及在一定程度上在海洋清道夫哺乳动物之间有效传播。然而,目前的文献缺乏人畜共患AIV通过接触水生环境或消耗污染水传播的证据。目前,循环A(H5N1)进化枝2.3.4.4b病毒向普通人群和海滩游客的人畜共患传播风险较低。然而,建议避免与病鸟或死鸟直接接触,并避免在报告有大量鸟类死亡的地方洗澡。越来越多的AIV溢出到非人类哺乳动物的报道引起了人们对可能的病毒突变的有效担忧,这些病毒突变导致跨越物种屏障以及随后的人类感染和爆发风险。
Despite its popularity for water activities, such as swimming, surfing, fishing, and rafting, inland and coastal bathing areas occasionally experience outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI), including A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b. Asymptomatic infections and symptomatic outbreaks often impact many aquatic birds, which increase chances of spill-over events to mammals and pose concerns for public health. This review examined the existing literature to assess avian influenza virus (AIV) transmission risks to beachgoers and the general population. A comprehensive understanding of factors governing such crossing of the AIV host range is currently lacking. There is limited knowledge on key factors affecting risk, such as species-specific interactions with host cells (including binding, entry, and replication via viral proteins hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, nucleoprotein, and polymerase basic protein 2), overcoming host restrictions, and innate immune response. AIV efficiently transmits between birds and to some extent between marine scavenger mammals in aquatic environments via consumption of infected birds. However, the current literature lacks evidence of zoonotic AIV transmission via contact with the aquatic environment or consumption of contaminated water. The zoonotic transmission risk of the circulating A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus to the general population and beachgoers is currently low. Nevertheless, it is recommended to avoid direct contact with sick or dead birds and to refrain from bathing in locations where mass bird mortalities are reported. Increasing reports of AIVs spilling over to non-human mammals have raised valid concerns about possible virus mutations that lead to crossing the species barrier and subsequent risk of human infections and outbreaks.