BACKGROUND: Cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) impact about 10% of patients with pediatric cancer. Genetic testing (CPS-GT) has multiple benefits, but few studies have described parent and child knowledge and attitudes regarding CPS-GT decision-making. This study examined parent and patient CPS-GT decision-making knowledge and attitudes.
METHODS: English- or Spanish-speaking parents of children with pediatric cancer and patients with pediatric cancer ages 15-18 within 12 months of diagnosis or relapse were eligible to participate. Seventy-five parents and 19 parent-patient dyads (N = 94 parents, 77.7% female, 43.6% Latino/a/Hispanic; 19 patients, 31.6% female) completed surveys measuring CPS-GT-related beliefs. Independent samples t-tests compared parent responses across sociodemographic characteristics and parent-patient responses within dyads.
RESULTS: Spanish-speaking parents were significantly more likely than English-speaking parents to believe that CPS-GT not being helpful (p < .001) and possibly causing personal distress (p = .002) were important considerations for deciding whether to obtain CPS-GT. Parents with less than four-year university education, income less than $75,000, or Medicaid (vs. private insurance) were significantly more likely to endorse that CPS-GT not being helpful was an important consideration for deciding whether to obtain CPS-GT (p < .001). Parents felt more strongly than patients that they understood what CPS-GT was (p = .01) and that parents should decide whether patients under 18 should receive CPS-GT (p = .002).
CONCLUSIONS: Spanish-speaking parents and parents with lower socioeconomic statuses were more strongly influenced by the potential disadvantages of CPS-GT in CPS-GT decision-making. Parents felt more strongly than patients that parents should make CPS-GT decisions. Future studies should investigate mechanisms behind these differences and how to best support CPS-GT knowledge and decision-making.

BACKGROUND: Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer-predisposition syndrome caused by germline pathogenic variants (PV) in VHL gene. It is associated with a high penetrance of benign and malignant vascular tumors in multiples organs, including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs), whose long-term natural history is ill-known.
METHODS: Patients with both documented germline PV in VHL gene and PanNETs included in the French PREDIR database between 1995 and 2022 were included. Primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with PanNET-related metastases and secondary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Genotype/phenotype correlations were studied.
RESULTS: We included 121 patients with 259 PanNETs. Median age at diagnosis was 38 years. Median follow-up was 89.5 months. PanNET surgical resection was performed in 51 patients. Overall, 29 patients (24%) had metastases (5 synchronous, 10 metachronous), with a higher risk in case of larger PanNET size (p=0.0089; best threshold 28 mm) and grade 2 PanNET (p=0.048), and a pejorative prognostic impact (p=0.043). Patients with PV in VHL exon 1 had larger PanNETs (p=0.018), more often metastatic disease (48% vs 11.5%; p < 0.001) and a trend toward shorter OS (p=0.16).
CONCLUSIONS: The risk of metastases associated to VHL-related PanNETs remains low (24%) but increases with tumor size >28 mm, higher grade and in case of PV located VHL exon 1. These data might help improving the management of these patients, who should be referred to an expert center.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma is the third most common tumor among urological tumors. In Germany more than 14,000 people are affected every year. The sex ratio is 2/3 men and 1/3 women.
OBJECTIVE: The S3 guideline is intended to provide all disciplines dealing with renal cell carcinoma with the current status of diagnostics, therapy and follow-up care of the patients with this tumor.
METHODS: The first version of the German guideline on renal cell carcinoma was published in 2015. The development was carried out at S3 level, which means that a structured, evidence-based literature search was carried out, recommendations and statements were developed in topic-related working groups and were approved by an interdisciplinary group of officials elected by the different medical societies. The chapters were gradually revised in 2017, 2020 and 2021 to reflect new aspects. This article provides information about the most important innovations of the most recent update from 2023.
RESULTS: In the epidemiology subsection, the substance trichlorethene has been added as a risk factor for the development of renal cell carcinoma. While there were no new data on neoadjuvant therapy, the checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab was the first substance to demonstrate improved disease-specific and overall survival in the adjuvant situation. The combination nivolumab plus cabozantinib and lenvatinib plus pembrolizumab were included in the chapter on systemic therapy for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma. New are the chapters on non-clear cell renal cell carcinoma and hereditary tumors.
CONCLUSIONS: The S3 guideline provides a structured, evidence-based overview of all aspects of renal cell carcinoma.
UNASSIGNED: HINTERGRUND: Das Nierenzellkarzinom (NCC) ist der dritthäufigste maligne Tumor unter den urologischen Tumoren. In Deutschland erkranken mehr als 14.000 Menschen pro Jahr. Das Geschlechterverhältnis beträgt zwei Drittel Männer und ein Drittel Frauen.
UNASSIGNED: Die S3-Leitlinie soll allen mit dem NCC befassten Fachdisziplinen den aktuellen Stand zur Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge des Tumors vermitteln.
METHODS: Die Erstfassung der deutschen Leitlinie zum NCC erschien 2015. Die Erarbeitung erfolgte auf S3-Niveau, d. h. es erfolgte eine evidenzbasierte strukturierte Literaturrecherche. Die in themenbezogenen Kleingruppen erarbeiteten Empfehlungen und Statements wurden von der interdisziplinären Gruppe der Mandatsträger konsentiert. Als Living Guideline wurden 2017, 2020 und 2021 die Kapitel nach und nach entsprechend neuer Aspekte überarbeitet. Der vorliegende Artikel informiert über die wichtigsten Neuerungen der letzten Aktualisierung aus 2023.
UNASSIGNED: Im Unterkapitel „Epidemiologie“ wurde die Substanz Trichlorethen neu als Risikofaktor für das Entstehen eines NCC aufgenommen. Während es zur neoadjuvanten Therapie keine neuen Daten gab, konnte mit dem Checkpoint-Inhibitor Pembrolizumab erstmals ein verbessertes krankheitsfreies und Gesamtüberleben in der adjuvanten Situation gezeigt werden. In das Kapitel zur Systemtherapie des metastasierten klarzelligen NCC wurden die Kombinationen Nivolumab und Cabozantinib sowie Lenvatinib und Pembrolizumab aufgenommen. Neu sind die Kapitel zu den nicht-klarzelligen NCC und den erblichen Tumoren.
UNASSIGNED: Die S3-Leitlinie gibt einen strukturierten, evidenzbasierten Überblick über sämtliche Aspekte zum NCC.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary cancer syndromes are an important subset of malignant cancers caused by pathogenic variants in one of many known cancer predisposition genes. Diagnosis of cancer predisposition is based on genetic testing using next-generation sequencing. This allows many genes to be analysed at once, increasing the number of variants identified. The correct classification of the variants found is essential for the clinical interpretation of genetic test results.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to summarise the rules for classifying identified variants within individual laboratories and to present the process for creating a common classification. In the Czech Republic, the sharing of identified genetic variants and the development of their consensus classification among national laboratory diagnostic communities is carried out within the Czech Cancer Panel for Clinical Application (CZECANCA) consortium of scientific and diagnostic oncogenetic laboratories. Consensus for variant classification follows a defined protocol. Sharing the results and consensus classification accelerates and refines the release of genetic test results, harmonises results between laboratories and thus contributes to improving the care of individuals at high risk of cancer and their relatives.

The collection and evaluation of family health history in a clinical setting presents an opportunity to discuss cancer risk, tailor cancer screening recommendations, and identify people with an increased risk of carrying a pathogenic variant who may benefit from referral to genetic counseling and testing. National recommendations for breast and colorectal cancer screening indicate that men and women who have a first-degree relative affected with these types of cancers may benefit from talking to a healthcare provider about starting screening at an earlier age and other options for cancer prevention. The prevalence of reporting a first-degree relative who had cancer was assessed among adult respondents of the 2015 National Health Interview Survey who had never had cancer themselves (n = 27,999). We found 35.6% of adults reported having at least one first-degree relative with cancer at any site. Significant differences in reporting a family history of cancer were observed by sex, age, race/ethnicity, educational attainment, and census region. Nearly 5% of women under age 50 and 2.5% of adults under age 50 had at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer or colorectal cancer, respectively. We estimated that 5.8% of women had a family history of breast or ovarian cancer that may indicate increased genetic risk. A third of U.S. adults who have never had cancer report a family history of cancer in a first-degree relative. This finding underscores the importance of using family history to inform discussions about cancer risk and screening options between healthcare providers and their patients.

Hereditary tumor syndromes with a possible manifestation in the female internal genital tract represent a heterogeneous group of diseases. The two most common entities are the hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, and the Lynch syndrome. The less common syndromes include the rhabdoid tumor predisposition syndrome, Cowden syndrome, tuberous sclerosis complex, DICER1 syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, von Hippel-Lindau disease, and hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome. The goal of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of those hereditary tumor syndromes which can manifest in the area of the female genital system, with an emphasis on their summary, the characteristics of the tumors which can develop in association with these syndromes, and the approach to the processing of prophylactically removed tissues and organs. The issue of Lynch syndrome screening is also discussed.

Pediatric cancer is rare. It is estimated that more than 10-15 % of tumors are secondary to a pathogenic variant in a cancer predisposition gene. More than 100 cancer predisposition genes and their association with syndromes or isolated tumors have been identified. Li-Fraumeni syndrome is one of those who have been most widely described. Patients with this syndrome present a high risk of developing one or more tumors. Its knowledge allows to establish a follow-up protocol for the patient and affected family members, so as to detect new tumors in an early manner and reduce tumorand treatment-related morbidity and mortality. The objective of this review is to offer useful guidelines for pediatricians. Based on a family case, reasons for Li-Fraumeni syndrome suspicion, clinical and genetic diagnosis, and the follow-up protocol of family members who carry the same mutation will be reviewed.
El cáncer en pediatría es una entidad infrecuente. Se estima que más de un 10-15 % de los tumores son secundarios a una variante patogénica en un gen de predisposición al cáncer. Se conocen más de 100 genes de predisposición al cáncer y su asociación con síndromes o tumores aislados. Uno de los más descritos es el síndrome de Li-Fraumeni. Los pacientes con este síndrome tienen alto riesgo de desarrollar uno o más tumores. Su conocimiento permite realizar un protocolo de seguimiento del paciente y de sus familiares afectos, con el que detectar precozmente nuevos tumores y disminuir la morbimortalidad del tumor y de su tratamiento. Esta revisión pretende ser una guía útil para el pediatra. Utilizando como caso guía a una familia, se revisarán los motivos de sospecha de un síndrome de Li-Fraumeni, su diagnóstico clínico y genético, y el protocolo de seguimiento de los familiares portadores de la misma mutación.

Childhood cancer patients are at increased risk of second primary neoplasms (SPNs). We assessed incidence and risk factors for early SPNs with a focus on cancer predisposition syndromes (CPSs).
This cohort study used data from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. We included patients with first primary neoplasms (FPNs) diagnosed before age 21 years from 1986 to 2015 and identified SPNs occurring before age 21. We calculated standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) and absolute excess risks (AERs) using Swiss population cancer incidence data, and cumulative incidence of SPNs. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) of risk factors for SPNs using Fine and Gray competing risk regression.
Among 8074 childhood cancer patients, 304 (4%) were diagnosed with a CPS and 94 (1%) developed early SPNs. The incidence of SPNs was more than 10-fold higher in childhood cancer patients than the incidence of neoplasms in the general population (SIR = 10.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.7-13.1) and the AER was 179/100,000 person-years (CI: 139-219). Cumulative incidence of SPNs 20 years after FPN diagnosis was 23% in patients with CPSs (CI: 12-41%) and 2.7% in those without (CI: 2.0-3.6%). Risk factors for SPNs were CPSs (HR = 7.8, CI: 4.8-12.7), chemotherapy (HR = 2.2, CI: 1.1-4.6), radiotherapy (HR = 1.9, CI = 1.2-2.9), haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HR = 1.8, CI: 1-3.3), and older age (15-20 years) at FPN diagnosis (HR = 1.9, CI: 1.1-3.2).
CPSs are associated with a high risk of SPNs before age 21 years. Identification of CPSs is important for appropriate cancer surveillance and targeted screening.

Mr. Editor, The National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) has determined that when a syndrome of predisposition to cancer is suspected, it is necessary to refer the patient for genetic evaluation because of the implications for diagnosis and management, as well as follow-up in the family (1). The genetic evaluation includes the description of the personal/family history and the request for the corresponding genetic study.
Sr. Editor, La Red Nacional Integral del Cáncer (NCCN) ha determinado que ante la sospecha de un síndrome de predisposición al cáncer, es necesario referir al paciente a evaluación genética debido a las implicancias en el diagnóstico y manejo, así como el seguimiento en sus familiares (1). La evaluación genética incluye la descripción de los antecedentes personales/familiares y la solicitud del estudio genético correspondiente.

Little is known about the psychological outcomes of germline multigene panel testing, particularly among diverse patients and those with moderate-risk pathogenic variants (PVs).
Study participants (N = 1264) were counseled and tested with a 25- or 28-gene panel and completed a 3-month postresult survey including the Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (MICRA).
The mean age was 52 years, 80% were female, and 70% had cancer; 45% were non-Hispanic White, 37% were Hispanic, 10% were Asian, 3% were Black, and 5% had another race/ethnicity. Approximately 28% had a high school education or less, and 23% were non-English-speaking. The genetic test results were as follows: 7% had a high-risk PV, 6% had a moderate-risk PV, 35% had a variant of uncertain significance (VUS), and 52% were negative. Most participants (92%) had a total MICRA score ≤ 38, which corresponded to a mean response of \"never,\" \"rarely,\" or only \"sometimes\" reacting negatively to results. A multivariate analysis found that mean total MICRA scores were significantly higher (more uncertainty/distress) among high- and moderate-risk PV carriers (29.7 and 24.8, respectively) than those with a VUS or negative results (17.4 and 16.1, respectively). Having cancer or less education was associated with a significantly higher total MICRA score; race/ethnicity was not associated with the total MICRA score. High- and moderate-risk PV carriers did not differ significantly from one another in the total MICRA score, uncertainty, distress, or positive experiences.
In a diverse population undergoing genetic counseling and multigene panel testing for hereditary cancer risk, the psychological response corresponded to test results and showed low distress and uncertainty. Further studies are needed to assess patient understanding and subsequent cancer screening among patients from diverse backgrounds.
Multigene panel tests for hereditary cancer have become widespread despite concerns about adverse psychological reactions among carriers of moderate-risk pathogenic variants (mutations) and among carriers of variants of uncertain significance. This large study of an ethnically and economically diverse cohort of patients undergoing panel testing found that 92% \"never,\" \"rarely,\" or only \"sometimes\" reacted negatively to results. Somewhat higher uncertainty and distress were identified among carriers of high- and moderate-risk pathogenic variants, and lower levels were identified among those with a variant of uncertain significance or a negative result. Although the psychological response corresponded to risk, reactions to testing were favorable, regardless of results.