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An error occurred in the Ethical Commiittie details of the manuscript titled \"Imaging Features and Misdiagnosis of Giant Cerebral Cavernous Malformations\", 2024; 20: e15734056273891 [1]. Original: ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: This study was approved by the institutional review committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (ZF2022-216). Corrected: ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: The ethics approval was provied by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Taditional Chinese Medicine and the written informed consent was exempted. The original article can be found online at https://www.eurekaselect.com/article/137176.

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BACKGROUND: Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for cerebral cavernous malformations has been used for more than 30 years. However, indications for this method and outcomes are still discussable.
OBJECTIVE: To analyze available literature data on SRS for cerebral cavernous malformations with assessment of indications for treatment, radiation parameters, radiological and clinical complications and outcomes.
RESULTS: The final analysis included 20 reports describing post-SRS outcomes in 1834 patients with cerebral cavernous malformations. The main radiation parameter was mean radiation dose to the edge of cavernous malformation (prescribed dose, 13.25±2.16 Gy). In natural course of malformation, mean incidence of hemorrhages from cavernous malformation when counted after the second hemorrhage was 25.9±14.6%, after the patient\'s birth - 2.59±0.44%. Mean follow-up period after SRS was 66.7±24.1 months. Incidence of hemorrhages from cavernous malformation after SRS for the first 2 years of follow-up was assessed in 14 studies (4.67±3.51%). Incidence of hemorrhages ≥2 years after SRS was analyzed in 12 studies (1.55±0.8%).
CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant global experience in SRS for cerebral cavernous malformations and many studies devoted to this problem, clear patient selection criteria have not yet been formulated. Modern selection principles have insufficient evidence base.
Стереотаксическая радиохирургия (СРХ) кавернозных мальформаций (КМ) головного мозга применяется уже более 30 лет. Тем не менее вопросы показаний к этому виду лечения и оценки его результатов продолжают оставаться предметом обсуждения.
UNASSIGNED: Анализ данных литературы по проблеме радиохирургического лечения КМ головного мозга различной локализации с оценкой показаний к лечению, параметров облучения, рентгенологических и клинических осложнений и исходов лечения.
UNASSIGNED: В итоговый анализ было включено 20 публикаций, в которых описываются результаты СРХ 1834 пациентов с КМ головного мозга. Основным приводимым параметром облучения являлась средняя доза облучения на край КМ (предписанная доза), средний показатель которой составил 13,25±2,16 Гр. При естественном течении КМ средняя частота кровоизлияний из КМ при подсчете от второго кровоизлияния составила 25,9±14,6%, при подсчете от рождения пациента — 2,59±0,44%. Средний срок наблюдения после СРХ составил 66,±24,1 мес. Частота кровоизлияний из КМ после СРХ за первые 2 года наблюдения оценивалась в 14 исследованиях — средний показатель составил 4,67±3,51%. В 12 исследованиях рассчитана частота кровоизлияний через 2 года и более после РХ, средний показатель составил 1,55±0,8%.
UNASSIGNED: Несмотря на значительный мировой опыт применения СРХ при КМ различных отделов головного мозга и наличие множества научных работ, посвященных данной проблеме, четкие критерии отбора пациентов для данного вида лечения до сих пор не сформулированы, а имеющиеся принципы отбора имеют низкую степень доказательности.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate long-term outcomes of gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) for cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs).
METHODS: Among the 233 CCM patients who underwent GKS, 79 adult patients (96 lesions) followed for over 10 years were included and analyzed retrospectively. Annual hemorrhage rate (AHR) was analyzed the entire cohort of 233 patients and the subset of 79 enrolled patients by dividing lesions into overall CCM lesions and brainstem lesions. AHR, neurologic outcome, adverse radiation effect (ARE), and changes of lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were compared before and after GKS. Cox-regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for hemorrhage following GKS.
RESULTS: Mean follow-up duration of 79 enrolled patients was 14 years (range, 10-23 years). The AHR of all CCMs for entire cohort at each time point was 17.8% (pre-GKS), 5.9% (≤ 2 years post-GKS), 1.8% (≤ 10 years post-GKS). The AHR of all CCM for 79 enrolled patients was 21.4% (pre-GKS), 3.8% (2 years post-GKS), 1.4% (10 years post-GKS), and 2.3% (> 10 years post-GKS). The AHR of brainstem cavernous malformation (CM) for entire cohort at each time point was 22.4% (pre-GKS), 10.1% (≤ 2 years post-GKS), 3.2% (≤ 10 years post-GKS). The AHR of brainstem CM for 79 enrolled patients was 27.2% (pre-GKS), 5.8% (2 years post-GKS), 3.4% (10 years post-GKS), and 3.5% (> 10 years post-GKS). Out of the 79 enrolled patients, 35 presented with focal neurologic deficits at the initial clinical visit. Among these patients, 74.3% showed recovery at the last follow-up. Symptomatic ARE occurred in five (6.4%) patients. No mortality occurred. Most lesions were decreased in size at the last follow-up MRI. Previous hemorrhage history (hazard ratio [HR], 8.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-65.88; P = 0.043), and brainstem location (HR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.26-7.64; P = 0.014) were significant risk factors for hemorrhage event.
CONCLUSIONS: GKS for CCM showed favorable long-term outcomes. GKS should be considered for CCM, especially when it has a previous hemorrhage history and brainstem location.

To explore the advantages and disadvantages of 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization combined with transcranial neuroendoscope in the surgical treatment of deep cerebral micro cavernous hemangiomas. Method The clinical data of patients with deep cerebral micro cavernous hemangiomas treated by our hospital from June 2022 to February 2023 using 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology combined with transcranial endoscopic surgery were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 5 cases with complete data were collected, including 2 males and 3 females, aged 9-59 years. All 5 patients had deep supratentorial cavernous hemangiomas with a diameter of less than 1.5 cm, and had clinical symptoms such as headache or epilepsy, and had been diagnosed by CT or MRI. Repeated bleeding from small cavernous hemangiomas in the deep brain can lead to clinical symptoms such as recurrent headache and epilepsy, and is required surgical treatment. However, cavernous hemangiomas often have smaller lesions and are difficult to locate in the deep part. Without neuronavigation, surgery can become extremely difficult. Our team\'s newly developed 3D Slicer reconstruction and 3D printing localization technology which could provide new options for surgical treatment of small cavernous hemangiomas or other small lesions in the deep brain, but its accuracy and safety still need to be verified by further clinical research.

BACKGROUND: Familial cerebral cavernous malformation (CCM) syndrome is characterized by multiple, non-contiguous cavernous malformations. The lesion burden may affect morbidity. Our aim was to identify risk factors for high lesion burden in these patients.
METHODS: Patients with radiologically confirmed CCM were screened between 2015 and 2023. Only familial or presumed familial CCM patients were included. Demographic information and medical history at the time of diagnosis were evaluated. The first diagnostic MRI was used to determine T2 total and T2 large lesion (≥5 mm) count. Chi-square was used to determine risk factors for total T2 large lesion count ≥5.
RESULTS: Of 107 patients with familial or presumed familial CCM (55.1 % female, age 42.4 years), the median total T2 lesion count and large lesion count was 4 (range: 1-109) and 2 (range: 0-50) respectively. Current tobacco use was a risk factor for T2 large lesion count ≥5.
CONCLUSIONS: Further studies combining familial cohorts and assessing length of exposure may be useful to confirm tobacco as a risk factor for T2 large lesion formation in familial CCM.

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