We describe in detail a twofold proposal for the creation, organization and sequential development of two bodies responsible for evaluating the efficiency of health technologies and policies in Spain and its possible design. It would constitute a key element in the process of re-organising the National Health System. The first, which could be adopted immediately, would be called the Office for the Evaluation of the Efficiency of Medicines, would be attached to the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices as a functionally independent body and limited to evaluating the efficiency of medicines. The second, the National Health Evaluation Commission, in the form of an independent administrative body, would evaluate health technologies and possibly public health policies. Functional independence, adequate resources and anchoring in the values of good governance are the defining characteristics of this dual proposal.

Liver diseases are a significant global cause of morbidity and mortality. Liver cirrhosis can result in severe complications such as bleeding, hepatic encephalopathy (HE), and infections. Implementing a clear strategy for intensive care unit (ICU) admission management improves patient outcomes. Hemodynamically significant esophageal/gastric variceal bleeding (E/GVB) and grade 4 HE, when accompanied by the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), are definitive indications for ICU admission. E/GVB, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), and infections with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRO) require close and stringent critical assessment. Patients with severe hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) or respiratory failure have increased baseline mortality and most likely benefit from early ICU treatment. Rapid identification of sepsis in patients with liver cirrhosis is a crucial criterion for ICU admission. Prioritizing cases based on mortality risk and clinical urgency enables efficient resource utilization and optimizes patient management. In addition, \"Liver Units\" provide an intermediate care (IMC) level for patients with liver diseases who require close monitoring but do not need immediate intensive care.
UNASSIGNED: Lebererkrankungen sind global eine bedeutende Ursache für Morbidität und Mortalität. Leberzirrhose kann zu schwerwiegenden Komplikationen wie Blutungen, hepatischer Enzephalopathie (HE) und Infektionen führen. Eine klare Strategie zum Aufnahmemanagement auf die Intensivstation (ITS) verbessert die Patientenversorgung. Hämodynamisch relevante Ösophagus‑/Magenvarizenblutungen (ÖVB/MVB) und eine HE Grad 4, begleitet von der Notwendigkeit einer Nierenersatztherapie (NET), sind definitive Indikationen für eine Aufnahme auf die ITS. ÖVB/MVB, spontane bakterielle Peritonitis (SBP) und Infektionen mit multiresistenten Erregern (MRE) erfordern eine hochkritische Bewertung. Patienten mit schwerem hepatorenalen Syndrom (HRS) oder respiratorischem Versagen weisen eine erhöhte Basismortalität auf und profitieren mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit von einer frühzeitigen Behandlung auf der ITS. Die rasche Identifizierung von Sepsis bei Patienten mit Leberzirrhose ist ein entscheidendes Kriterium für die Aufnahme auf die ITS. Eine Fallpriorisierung basierend auf dem Mortalitätsrisiko und der klinischen Dringlichkeit ermöglicht eine effiziente Ressourcennutzung und optimiert das Patientenmanagement. Zusätzlich bieten „Liver Units“ eine Versorgungsebene mit Intermediate-Care(IMC)-Standard für Patienten mit Lebererkrankungen, die eine engmaschige Überwachung, aber keine unmittelbare intensivmedizinische Behandlung benötigen.

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The Global Financing Facility (GFF) supports national reproductive, maternal, newborn, child, adolescent health, and nutrition needs. Previous analysis examined how adolescent sexual and reproductive health was represented in GFF national planning documents for 11 GFF partner countries.
This paper furthers that analysis for 16 GFF partner countries as part of a Special Series.
Content analysis was conducted on publicly available GFF planning documents for Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, CAR, Côte d\'Ivoire, Guinea, Haiti, Indonesia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tajikistan, Vietnam. Analysis considered adolescent health content (mindset), indicators (measure) and funding (money) relative to adolescent sexual and reproductive health needs, using a tracer indicator.
Countries with higher rates of adolescent pregnancy had more content relating to adolescent reproductive health, with exceptions in fragile contexts. Investment cases had more adolescent content than project appraisal documents. Content gradually weakened from mindset to measures to money. Related conditions, such as fistula, abortion, and mental health, were insufficiently addressed. Documents from Burkina Faso and Malawi demonstrated it is possible to include adolescent programming even within a context of shifting or selective priorities.
Tracing prioritisation and translation of commitments into plans provides a foundation for discussing global funding for adolescents. We highlight positive aspects of programming and areas for strengthening and suggest broadening the perspective of adolescent health beyond the reproductive health to encompass issues, such as mental health. This paper forms part of a growing body of accountability literature, supporting advocacy work for adolescent programming and funding.
Main findings: Adolescent health content is inconsistently included in the Global Financing Facility country documents, and despite strong or positive examples, the content is stronger in investment cases than project appraisal documents, and diminishes when comparing content, indicators and financing.Added knowledge: Although adolescent health content is generally strongest in countries with the highest proportion of births before age 18, there are exceptions in fragile contexts and gaps in addressing important issues related to adolescent health.Global health impact for policy and action: Adolescent health programming supported by the Global Financing Facility should build on examples of strong country plans, be more consistent in addressing adolescent health, and be accompanied by public transparency to facilitate accountability work such as this.

BACKGROUND: Achieving universal health coverage requires using research evidence to inform decision-making. However, little information is available on the use of research evidence in planning in lower middle-income countries, including Tanzania. This paper presents a protocol that aims to investigate the usage of research evidence in health planning, determinants and readiness of the planning team members to use knowledge translation tools in Tanzania.
METHODS: This study will employ a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design, with participants selected from national, regional and council levels. Qualitative data will be collected through a maximum of 52 in-depth interviews and 12 focused group discussions until saturation. To collect quantitative data, a structured questionnaire will be used to survey 422 participants, and a document review will be conducted from health facilities. Qualitative data will be analysed using thematic analysis, while descriptive and inferential analyses will be employed for quantitative data.
BACKGROUND: The study participants will provide written informed consent, and all recorded data will be stored on a secured research server accessible only to the investigators. Ethical approval has been obtained from the University of Dodoma Research Ethics Committee (ref. MA.84/261/02/\'A\'/64/91). The findings of this study will inform policymakers, researchers and implementers in the country on the use of research evidence in decision-making. We will disseminate our findings through publications, conferences, workshops and interactive communication with national, regional, council and health facility planning teams.

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UNASSIGNED: health sector planning and budgeting are concerned with identifying priorities that guide budgetary allocation to improve health outcomes. Engaging the community in this process empowers them to manage their own health. Despite the benefits and the availability of legislation and structures to mainstream community participation, their involvement is minimal and marred with challenges. This study, therefore, aimed to examine the level and perspectives of health managers on community health committees´ (CHC) participation in health sector planning and budgeting.
UNASSIGNED: the study utilized a cross-sectional research design, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Study participants were involved in planning and budgeting. Quantitative data were collected from 100% (n=170) of health managers, while qualitative data were gathered from 100% (n=3) of county department of health executives and 94% (n=83) of community health committee members. Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyze quantitative data, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically.
UNASSIGNED: although 87% of the health managers agreed that community health committee participation is beneficial, only 11% of them were satisfied with their participation, and 54% rated CHC participation as low; furthermore, over 50% of health managers disagreed that Community Health Unit (CHUs) have the necessary skills to effectively participate in the process, that adequate budget and time are allocated for CHC participation, and that feedback about the process is provided to them.
UNASSIGNED: the county health department of health should allocate more funds and design sustained capacity-building programs to enhance CHC participation in health sector planning and budgeting.

OBJECTIVE: The Catalan Health Service carries out the operational planning of service delivery and organization. The goal is to describe the methodology and procedure followed to perform these functions.
METHODS: The process of operational planning in healthcare services (OPHS) is continuous, dynamic, participatory, objective, and adaptable. OPHS can be divided into three stages prior to implementation and evaluation: Service delivery planning, Organization of healthcare resources, and Procurement planning.
RESULTS: Three examples of projects are presented following the POSS framework. It is essential to adapt the process to the characteristics of each project.
CONCLUSIONS: The proposed framework is useful to achieve high quality and equity in access to services.

UNASSIGNED: One of the approaches to health workforce planning is supply-based. It has been emphasized that countries should model health workforce based on evidence and their context. The objective of this study is to \"design a supply health workforce planning model for specialty and subspecialty in Iran.\"
UNASSIGNED: This is a study using Walker and Avant\'s (2018) theory synthesis framework to construct the model. This method has three steps. According to the viewpoint of the research team and the needs of the country, the focal concept is determined. Then, a literature review was done to determine related factors and their relationships. In the third step, according to the review, the viewpoint of the research team, the rationale of the connection between components, and the graphic model were presented.
UNASSIGNED: \"Supply\" was selected as the focal concept. In the literature review, 42 components were obtained from the systematic review, 43 components obtained from the study of other texts were combined with the opinion of the research team about the field of Iran, and the connections between them were determined. In the third step, the supply model was designed using the Stock and Flow method. Finally, by applying the \"functional full-time coefficient\", the number of full-time equivalent physicians was calculated.
UNASSIGNED: The presented model is an evidence-based model that follows stock and flow design. Stock is the number of specialties or subspecialties that exist in the labor market. Flow includes inflow and outflow according to the educational pathway in the context of Iran.