背景:由于高杀伤力和犯罪价值,枪支在创伤研究中特别感兴趣。人均枪支与与枪支有关的死亡之间具有很强的相关性。大多数关于枪击死亡的现有文献来自美国,缺乏中欧的数据。因此,这项研究的目的是评估德国枪支拥有权的法律框架(DE),奥地利(A)和瑞士(CH),并回顾性分析TraumaRegisterDGU®有关流行病学的数据,损伤严重程度,这些国家枪击相关死亡的意图和结果。
方法:所有在2009年1月1日至2019年12月31日期间遭受枪伤的TR-DGU患者均被考虑进行分析。只有德国一级或二级创伤中心收治的病例,瑞士,或者奥地利被包括在内。使用RISC-II计算预测死亡率。Further,探索了枪支持有的法律框架。
结果:各国的法律框架没有显著差异。然而,只有来自瑞士的前军人才被允许将他们的自动(军事)武器留在家里。我们评估了1312起枪击死亡事件(DE1,099,A111,CH102),其中大多数是由于怀疑自杀(A72.1%,CH64.7%,和DE56.6%,p=0.003)。在这三个国家中,涉嫌暴力犯罪或意外枪击的行为很少见。在所有枪击死亡事件中,奥地利的平均年龄最高(57.6岁),其次是DE(53.4年)和CH(49.4年;p<0.01)。在所有评估国家中,因怀疑自杀而造成的枪击死亡人数在60岁及以上的年龄达到高峰,而枪声可疑的暴力犯罪犯罪主要见于较年轻的年龄组。死亡率最高的是怀疑自杀个案,瑞士的死亡率为82.1%(预计为65.2%),奥地利为75.3%(预计为65.8%),德国为63.7%(预计为56.2%)。
结论:枪伤在中欧仍然很少见,但是与枪击有关的自杀率很高。枪支所有权法律可能会对涉嫌自杀的枪伤产生影响。与枪支拥有率高的国家相比,伤害模式有所不同。
BACKGROUND: Firearms are of special interest in trauma research due to high lethality and criminal value. Strong correlation between guns per capita and fire-arm related deaths has been shown. Most of existing literature regarding gun-shot fatalities are from the U.S. and data for Central Europe is lacking. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the legal frameworks regarding gun-ownership in Germany (DE), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH), and to retrospectively analyze data from the TraumaRegister DGU® regarding the epidemiology, injury severity, intention and outcome of gunshot-related deaths in these countries.
METHODS: All patients from TR-DGU who sustained a gunshot injury in the time period from 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2019 were considered for analysis. Only cases admitted to level 1 or 2 trauma center in Germany, Switzerland, or Austria were included. Predicted mortality was calculated using the RISC-II. Further, the legal framework for firearm posession were explored.
RESULTS: The legal frameworks do not differ significantly between the countries. However, only ex-military men from Switzerland are allowed to keep their automatic (military) weapon at home. We assessed 1312 gunshot fatalities (DE 1,099, A 111, CH 102) of which most were due to suspected suicide (A 72.1 %, CH 64.7 %, and DE 56.6 %, p = 0.003). Act of suspected violent crime or accidental gunshots were rare in all three countries. Amongst all gunshot fatalities, Austria showed the highest mean age (57.6 years), followed by DE (53.4 years) and CH (49.4 years; p < 0.01). Gunshot fatalities amongst all assessed countries due to suspected suicide showed a peak at the age of 60 years and above, whereas suspected violent crime delicts with gunshots were mainly seen in younger age groups. The highest mortality was found in suspected suicide cases, showing a mortality of 82.1 % (predicted 65.2 %) in Switzerland, 75.3 % (predicted 65.8 %) in Austria and 63.7 % (predicted 56.2 %) in Germany.
CONCLUSIONS: Gunshot wounds are still rare in central Europe, but gunshot-related suicide rates are high. Gun ownership laws may have an impact on gunshot wounds due to suspected suicide. Injury patterns differ compared to countries where a high incidence of gun ownership is seen.