十足鱼虹彩病毒1(DIV1)是一种致命的病毒,对虾和虾养殖业有重大影响。受感染的对虾对DIV1病毒的反应机制目前尚不清楚。这里,我们详细检查了临床症状,组织病理学,和体液,细胞,和亚致死剂量的DIV1在感染后0-120小时的急性感染期间(hpi)后的免疫相关基因反应。有趣的是,在实验结束时,DIV1感染的对虾在几个外部区域有黑色病变。DIV1感染的对虾在g和肠组织中也表现出很少的核缩胞核,并表现出增强的免疫反应。正如所有检查参数的显着增加所揭示的那样,包括总血细胞,吞噬作用,溶菌酶,和整体杀菌活性,从6到48hpi。此外,在72到120hpi之间,与正常对虾相比,感染DIV1的对虾的所有免疫反应活性均受损,表明对免疫学参数的负面影响。通过qPCR对各种组织的病毒载量分析表明,血细胞是主要的初始病毒靶组织,其次是ill和肝胰腺。通过qRT-PCR对关键免疫相关基因的表达分析揭示了对DIV1感染的各种表达模式;特别是,抗脂多糖因子(ALF)相对表达的倍数变化,酚氧化酶原(proPO),观察到脂多糖和β-1,3-葡聚糖结合蛋白(LGBP)。此外,五种常见的化学物质,次氯酸钙[Ca(OCl)2]在16.25-130ppm,过氧化氢(H2O2)在8.75-70ppm,3-24ppm的聚维酮碘(PVP-I),苯扎氯铵(BKC)在20-160ppm,和福尔马林在25-200ppm,暴露后24小时内对体外杀死DIV1颗粒有显著影响。这些数据将有助于确定DIV1感染期间大河虾的健康状况和免疫防御机制。这项研究首次应用了非常常见的消毒剂,获得的信息将有助于实施有效的策略来预防和控制孵化场和成长池塘中的DIV1感染。
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a lethal virus that has a significant influence on the shrimp and prawn culture industries. The mechanism through which infected prawns respond to the DIV1 virus is currently unknown. Here, we examined in detail the clinical signs, histopathology, and humoral, cellular, and immune-related gene responses after a sub-lethal dose of DIV1 during the acute infection period of 0-120 h post infection (hpi). Interestingly, at the end of the experiment, DIV1-infected prawns had black lesions on several external regions. The DIV1-infected prawns also exhibited few karyopyknotic nuclei in the gills and intestine tissues and exhibited increasing immunological responses, as revealed by significant increases in all examined parameters, including total hemocytes, phagocytosis, lysozyme, and overall bactericidal activity, from 6 to 48 hpi. In addition, between 72 and 120 hpi, all immune response activities of DIV1-infected prawn were impaired compared with those of normal prawns, indicating negative impacts on immunological parameters. A viral load analysis of various tissues by qPCR indicated that hemocytes were the dominant initial viral target tissues, followed by the gills and hepatopancreas. An expression analysis of crucial immune-related genes by qRT‒PCR revealed various expression patterns in response to DIV1 infection; in particular, fold changes in the relative expression of anti-lipopolysaccharide factors (ALFs), prophenoloxidase (proPO), lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP) were observed. Additionally, five common chemicals, calcium hypochlorite [Ca(OCl)2] at 16.25-130 ppm, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at 8.75-70 ppm, povidone iodine (PVP-I) at 3-24 ppm, benzalkonium chloride (BKC) at 20-160 ppm, and formalin at 25-200 ppm, had a significant effect on the killing of DIV1 particles in vitro within 24 h after exposure. These data will be helpful for determining the health status and immune defense mechanisms of giant river prawns during DIV1 infection periods. The study performed the first application of very common disinfectants, and the obtained information will be useful for implementing effective strategies to prevent and control DIV1 infection in both hatchery and grow-out ponds.