GM crops

转基因作物
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    传递有关表演信息的能力,安全,从一个地点到另一个地点进行的密闭田间试验(CFT)对转基因(GM)作物的环境影响在生物安全法规评估和决策中越来越重要。CFT过程可能很昂贵,耗时,和后勤挑战。数据可传输性可以通过允许使用从一个国家进行的CFT获得的数据为另一个国家的监管决策提供信息来帮助克服这些挑战。运输CFT数据的适用性将特别有利于公共部门产品开发商和小企业开发创新的GM事件,但不能承担复制冗余CFT,以及寻求改善有限资源部署的监管机构。这篇综述调查了运输的CFT数据已成功应用于生物安全评估和决策的案例研究,展望非洲国家如何从类似的方法中受益。
    The ability to transfer information about the performance, safety, and environmental impacts of a genetically modified (GM) crop from confined field trials (CFTs) conducted in one location to another is increasingly gaining importance in biosafety regulatory assessment and decision-making. The CFT process can be expensive, time-consuming, and logistically challenging. Data transportability can help overcome these challenges by allowing the use of data obtained from CFTs conducted in one country to inform regulatory decision-making in another country. Applicability of transported CFT data would be particularly beneficial to the public sector product developers and small enterprises that develop innovative GM events but cannot afford to replicate redundant CFTs, as well as regulatory authorities seeking to improve the deployment of limited resources. This review investigates case studies where transported CFT data have successfully been applied in biosafety assessment and decision-making, with an outlook of how African countries could benefit from a similar approach.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    加纳议会于2011年通过了《生物安全法》,允许在该国农业中应用转基因生物(GMO)技术。在一个充满活力的民主国家,有广泛的媒体讨论转基因作物是有利于还是伤害公民。2022年6月,国家转基因监管机构,国家生物安全局(NBA)批准了该国首个转基因作物(Btcow豆)用于环境释放,宣布作物不会带来改变的环境风险或食品/饲料安全问题。这项研究确定了该国3家最具活力的数字新闻媒体,并对批准前和批准后18个月报告的所有GMO故事进行了内容分析,以评估批准是否改变了媒体报道的GMO问题的重点。91篇文章被确认。结果显示,有关转基因生物对国家粮食安全可能产生影响的媒体报道在获得批准后迅速增加。然而,媒体报道可能的健康,社会文化,转基因生物对环境的影响下降。我们注意到媒体和公众似乎对这项技术如何解决或加剧粮食不安全问题感兴趣,并敦促加纳的农业生物技术行为者在其宣传活动中重点关注这一点。
    Ghana\'s parliament in 2011 passed the Biosafety Act to allow for the application of genetically modified organism (GMO) technology in the country\'s agriculture. In a vibrant democracy, there have been extensive media discussions on whether GM crops will benefit or harm citizens. In June 2022, the state GMO regulator, the National Biosafety Authority (NBA), approved the country\'s first GM crop (Bt cowpea) for environmental release, declaring the crop does not present an altered environmental risk or a food/feed safety concern. This study identified 3 of the country\'s most vibrant digital news outlets and did a content analysis of all GMO stories reported 18 months pre- and post-approval to assess whether the approval changed the focus of GMO issues the media reports on. 91 articles were identified. The results show media reports on the likely impact of GMOs on the country\'s food security shot up after the approval. However, media reports on the possible health, sociocultural, and environmental impact of GMOs declined. We observe the media and the public appear interested in deliberations on how the technology could address or worsen food insecurity and urge agricultural biotechnology actors in Ghana to focus on that in their sensitization activities.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    转基因(GM)作物是可以提高非洲小农产量的最重要的农产品。在非洲引入转基因农业的错综复杂的环境,然而,强调理解道德难题的重要性,监管环境,以及今天存在的公众情绪。这篇综述研究了非洲转基因作物使用的现状,关注道德难题,监管框架,和公众舆论。54个非洲国家中目前只有11个种植转基因作物,这是由于文化差异造成的广泛意见,社会经济,和环境因素。这项审查建议解决公众关注的问题,协调规章制度,坚持道德标准将改善非洲转基因作物的采用率。这项研究提供了提高转基因作物在全球范围内提高营养和粮食安全的可接受性的方法。
    Genetically modified (GM) crops are the most important agricultural commodities that can improve the yield of African smallholder farmers. The intricate circumstances surrounding the introduction of GM agriculture in Africa, however, underscore the importance of comprehending the moral conundrums, regulatory environments, and public sentiment that exist today. This review examines the current situation surrounding the use of GM crops in Africa, focusing on moral conundrums, regulatory frameworks, and public opinion. Only eleven of the fifty-four African countries currently cultivate GM crops due to the wide range of opinions resulting from the disparities in cultural, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. This review proposed that addressing public concerns, harmonizing regulations, and upholding ethical standards will improve the adoption of GM crops in Africa. This study offers ways to enhance the acceptability of GM crops for boosting nutrition and food security globally.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    基因改造(GM)作物中蛋白质水平的定量在每个发展阶段都至关重要。放松管制,和种子生产。免疫测定,特别是酶联免疫吸附测定,由于其效率,几十年来一直是业内主要的蛋白质定量技术,适应性,和信誉。较新的免疫测定技术,如MesoScaleDiscovery和Luminex,提供增强的灵敏度和多路复用能力。虽然质谱(MS)已广泛用于制药和农业行业的小分子和蛋白质检测(例如,生物标志物,内源性过敏原),它在转基因作物中定量蛋白质水平的使用受到限制。然而,随着转基因作物性状组合的扩大,MS由于其可比的灵敏度而被越来越多的采用,增加特异性,和多路复用能力。这篇综述对比了免疫测定和MS技术在转基因作物中蛋白质测量的益处和局限性。考虑到成本等因素,便利性,和特定的分析需求。最终,这两种技术都适用于评估转基因作物中的蛋白质浓度,MS提供免疫测定的补充能力。此比较旨在根据用户的终点需求提供在这些技术之间进行选择的见解。
    Quantifying protein levels in genetically modified (GM) crops is crucial in every phase of development, deregulation, and seed production. Immunoassays, particularly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, have been the primary protein quantitation techniques for decades within the industry due to their efficiency, adaptability, and credibility. Newer immunoassay technologies like Meso Scale Discovery and Luminex offer enhanced sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. While mass spectrometry (MS) has been widely used for small molecules and protein detection in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries (e.g., biomarkers, endogenous allergens), its use in quantifying protein levels in GM crops has been limited. However, as trait portfolios for GM crop have expanded, MS has been increasingly adopted due to its comparable sensitivity, increased specificity, and multiplexing capabilities. This review contrasts the benefits and limitations of immunoassays and MS technologies for protein measurement in GM crops, considering factors such as cost, convenience, and specific analytical needs. Ultimately, both techniques are suitable for assessing protein concentrations in GM crops, with MS offering complementary capabilities to immunoassays. This comparison aims to provide insights into selecting between these techniques based on the user\'s end point needs.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    携带干旱响应向日葵基因Hahb4的耐旱转基因[转基因(GM)]HB4®小麦于2019年在阿根廷首次开发,并已在至少十个国家被批准作为食品/饲料销售和消费。它也已在阿根廷和巴西被批准用于商业种植。
    Drought-tolerant transgenic [genetically modified (GM)] HB4® wheat carrying the drought-responsive sunflower gene Hahb4 was first developed in Argentina in 2019 and has already been approved for marketing and consumption as food/feed in at least ten countries. It has also been approved in Argentina and Brazil for commercial cultivation.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    许多非洲国家高度重视加强粮食安全和营养。然而,不利的环境条件干扰了非洲粮食安全的实现。转基因生物(GMOs)的生产为改善非洲大陆的粮食安全提供了有趣的可能性。在非洲,同一地区的国家有不同的转基因使用政策和法律。虽然一些国家正在更新他们的法律和政策,允许转基因生物,其他人仍在争论他们是否值得冒险。然而,关于肯尼亚转基因生物申请的最新状态的信息仍然很少,坦桑尼亚,乌干达。当前的审查总结了转基因生物在肯尼亚加强粮食安全的应用状况,坦桑尼亚,乌干达。目前,坦桑尼亚和乌干达不接受转基因生物,但肯尼亚有。这项研究可以帮助政府,学者,以及决策者提高转基因生物接受度,以促进本国的营养和粮食安全。
    Many African nations place a high priority on enhancing food security and nutrition. However, unfavorable environmental conditions interfere with the achievement of food security in Africa. The production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) presents intriguing possibilities for improving food security on the continent. In Africa, countries in the same regions have different GMO usage policies and laws. While some nations are updating their laws and policies to allow GMOs, others are still debating whether they are worth the risk. However, there is still little information available regarding the most recent status of GMO applications in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. The current review summarizes the state of GMO applications for enhancing food security in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. Currently, Tanzania and Uganda do not accept GMOs, but Kenya does. This study can assist governments, academics, and policymakers in enhancing GMO acceptance for boosting nutrition and food security in their nations.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    经过转基因(GM)的作物包括其他有益性状,这些性状为提高产量和可持续农业提供了新的方法。转化和再生是转基因作物生产中的两个主要步骤。必须使用抗生素抗性标记基因(ARMGs)进行选择,因为作物几乎没有转化能力。在转基因食品的生产中或用于治疗目的,使用ARMGs引起了全球对人类健康和环境安全的重大关注。抗菌素耐药性的上升是最大的危险,根据最近的研究。由于缺乏关于替代方法的信息,今天,ARMGs仍然用于转基因作物的生产。使用替代方法创造没有ARMGs的转基因作物对于解决安全问题至关重要。这篇综述讨论了目前生产无ARMGs转基因作物的方法,或者“清洁基因”技术。还讨论了这些方法的优点和缺点。其中一个,通过不同植物的磷酸甘露糖异构酶(PMI)系统进行正向选择,已经过优化,并进行了全面的风险评估,并且比使用ARMGs的常规方案更有效率。这些信息将有助于加强育种计划,生产安全的人类食品,并增加公众对转基因作物的支持。
    Crops that have been genetically modified (GM) include additional beneficial traits that present fresh approaches to boosting yield productivity and sustainable agriculture. Transformation and regeneration are the two main steps in the production of GM crops. Antibiotic resistance marker genes (ARMGs) must be used for selection because crops have very little ability to transform. Significant global concerns about the security of both human health and the environment have been raised by the use of ARMGs in the production of GM foods or for therapeutic purposes. A rise in antimicrobial resistance is the biggest danger, according to recent research. Due to a lack of information on alternate methods, ARMGs are still employed in the production of GM crops today. The creation of GM crops without ARMGs using alternative methods is crucial to addressing the safety issue. This review discusses current methods for producing GM crops free of ARMGs, or \"clean-gene\" technology. These methods\' benefits and drawbacks are also discussed. One of them, positive selection by phosphomannose isomerase (PMI) system of different plants, has been optimized and subjected to full risk assessment and is more productive than conventional protocols that employ ARMGs. This information will be useful for enhancing breeding programs, producing safe human food, and increasing support for GM crops among the general public.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    作物的遗传修饰基本上集中在改善性状以获得期望的结果。它导致了产量提高的作物的发展,质量,以及对生物和非生物胁迫的耐受性。随着在作物中引入有利性状的出现,生物技术为转基因(GM)作物参与可持续粮食生产系统创造了一条途径。尽管这些植物预示着作物生产的新时代,由于对环境的担忧,它们的广泛采用面临着各种挑战,人类健康,和道德问题。通过科学研究减轻这些担忧至关重要。因此,本审查的目的是讨论转基因作物的使用及其对可持续粮食生产系统的影响。它全面概述了转基因作物的种植以及阻止其广泛采用的问题,用适当的策略来克服它们。这篇综述还介绍了最近的基因组编辑工具,特别关注CRISPR/Cas9平台。详细讨论了通过CRSIPR/Cas9开发的作物在2030年实现可持续发展目标(SDG)中的作用。对于新的可持续发展时代,也提出了一些关于批准转基因作物的观点。通过植物基因组编辑的分子工具的进步解决了许多转基因作物问题,并在不整合转基因修饰的情况下促进了它们的发展。这将使可持续农业中转基因作物的接受率更高,并迅速批准商业化。当前作物的转基因预测将提高可持续农业实践的生产力和繁荣。正确使用转基因作物可能带来的好处大于危害,有能力缓解世界各地的粮食危机。
    Genetic modification of crops has substantially focused on improving traits for desirable outcomes. It has resulted in the development of crops with enhanced yields, quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. With the advent of introducing favorable traits into crops, biotechnology has created a path for the involvement of genetically modified (GM) crops into sustainable food production systems. Although these plants heralded a new era of crop production, their widespread adoption faces diverse challenges due to concerns about the environment, human health, and moral issues. Mitigating these concerns with scientific investigations is vital. Hence, the purpose of the present review is to discuss the deployment of GM crops and their effects on sustainable food production systems. It provides a comprehensive overview of the cultivation of GM crops and the issues preventing their widespread adoption, with appropriate strategies to overcome them. This review also presents recent tools for genome editing, with a special focus on the CRISPR/Cas9 platform. An outline of the role of crops developed through CRSIPR/Cas9 in achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) by 2030 is discussed in detail. Some perspectives on the approval of GM crops are also laid out for the new age of sustainability. The advancement in molecular tools through plant genome editing addresses many of the GM crop issues and facilitates their development without incorporating transgenic modifications. It will allow for a higher acceptance rate of GM crops in sustainable agriculture with rapid approval for commercialization. The current genetic modification of crops forecasts to increase productivity and prosperity in sustainable agricultural practices. The right use of GM crops has the potential to offer more benefit than harm, with its ability to alleviate food crises around the world.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    本甲虫是农田生态系统害虫的主要天然捕食者,是转基因作物环境安全评价的重要非目标指示昆虫。转基因作物的商业化种植可能会导致P.japonica经常暴露于Bt蛋白环境。在这项研究中,生物学特征,酶活性,并研究了Cry1B蛋白处理后日本紫苏的解毒和代谢表达水平。在发育持续时间上没有观察到显著差异,出苗率,与对照组相比,喂食幼虫0.5mg/mL的Cry1B蛋白后不同年龄的体重或体重。此外,谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)的活性没有显着差异,过氧化氢酶(CAT),饲喂0.25mg/mL和0.5mg/mLCry1B蛋白后的过氧化物酶(POD)。然而,当Cry1B蛋白浓度增加到1.0mg/mL时,商品及服务税的活动,CAT,POD明显增加。与对照组相比,大多数解毒代谢相关基因的表达水平没有显着差异;只有少数基因在单个浓度下表达水平发生变化(CYP345B1,CYP4Q2,CYP9F2,GST,和微粒体GST)。总的来说,这些结果表明,Cry1B蛋白对日本紫苏的生物学特性影响很小或没有影响。与酶活性和解毒相关的基因在高浓度刺激下差异表达。因此,这项研究表明Cry1B对捕食者P.japonica的潜在风险可以忽略不计。
    The lady beetle Propylea japonica is a dominant natural predator of insect pests in farmland ecosystems and an important non-target indicator insect for the environmental safety assessment of GM crops. The commercial cultivation of GM crops may cause P. japonica to frequently be exposed to the Bt protein environment. In this study, the biological characteristics, enzyme activity, and expression levels of detoxification and metabolism in P. japonica were studied after Cry1B protein treatment. No significant differences were observed in developmental duration, emergence rate, or body weight at different ages after feeding larvae 0.5 mg/mL of Cry1B protein compared with the control. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) after feeding 0.25 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL Cry1B protein. However, when the concentration of Cry1B protein increased to 1.0 mg/mL, the activities of the GST, CAT, and POD increased significantly. Compared with the control group, there were no significant differences in the expression levels of most detoxification metabolism related genes; only a few genes had changed expression levels at the individual concentrations (CYP345B1, CYP4Q2, CYP9F2, GST, and microsomal GST). Overall, these results suggest that Cry1B protein has little or no effect on the biological characteristics of P. japonica. Genes related to enzyme activity and detoxification are differentially expressed at high concentration stimulation. Therefore, this research suggests that the potential risks of Cry1B for the predator P. japonica are negligible.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    十字花科花叶草(快乐的黄金)现在是一种成熟的利基作物,被用作一系列新种子性状的转基因宿主。其中最值得注意的是ω-3长链多不饱和物的积累,如二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA),脂肪酸通常只在海洋生物中发现。作为通过藻类基因的种子特异性表达优化这些非天然脂肪酸积累的持续努力的一部分,构建了一系列新的迭代结构并将其引入Camelina。种子脂肪酸组成测定,并确认EPA和DHA的存在。为了提供额外的评估级别,对选定的事件进行了全面的环境发布,提供了一个现实世界的挑战来评估这些新颖线条的表现。通过质谱法测定种子油三酰甘油的组成,允许关于不同活性对EPA和DHA最终积累的贡献的结论。由于这些数据来自野外生长的材料,它们也代表了Camelina中omega-3LC-PUFA性状稳定性的有力证明。我们建议应将现场试验常规纳入植物合成生物学的“设计-构建-测试-学习”周期。
    The Brassicaceae Camelina sativa (gold of pleasure) is now an established niche crop and being used as a transgenic host for a range of novel seed traits. Most notable of these is the accumulation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturates such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), fatty acids normally only found in marine organisms. As part of continued efforts to optimize the accumulation of these non-native fatty acids via seed-specific expression of algal genes, a new series of iterative constructs was built and introduced into Camelina. Seed fatty acid composition was determined, and the presence of EPA and DHA was confirmed. To provide an additional level of evaluation, full environmental release was carried out on selected events, providing a real-world gauntlet against which to assess the performance of these novel lines. Composition of the seed oil triacylglycerol was determined by mass spectrometry, allowing for conclusions as to the contribution of different activities to the final accumulation of EPA and DHA. Since these data were derived from field-grown material, they also represent a robust demonstration of the stability of the omega-3 LC-PUFA trait in Camelina. We propose that field trialling should be routinely incorporated in the plant synthetic biology \'design-build-test-learn\' cycle.
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