背景:越来越多的研究调查了在酒精影响下(DUI)驾驶与性别相关的因素。然而,文献中缺少科学证据的性别方法。为了填补这个空白,我们对过去20年的真实案例研究进行了性别驱动的系统评价.除了涉及的司机的性别,主要独立变量,如招聘时间,招募的司机类型,以及进行研究的地理区域,进行了检查。之后,进行了一项荟萃分析,比较了三个亚组驾驶员中男性和女性驾驶员之间的酒精阳性率(APR):涉及道路交通事故的驾驶员,那些在路上随机测试的人,和志愿者。
方法:在2023年10月搜索了三个数据库中的合格研究。包括报告全球因酒后驾车而被定罪的男女APR的真实案例研究。通过ANOVA和事后检验的单变量分析确定了对因变量APR有显著影响的自变量,根据随后通过标准多元线性回归研究的关系。进行随机效应估计的荟萃分析,以调查总体效应大小(通过Cohen'sd标准化平均差异检验测量)和95%置信区间(CI)的变化。
结果:在解决驾驶员性别的论文中,对自变量的单因素分析显示,男性酒精阳性率(APR)较高,特别是在发生撞车事故的司机中,随着时间的推移有明显的下降。分析车祸司机的性别,荟萃分析显示,男性的APR(30.7%;95CI26.8~35.0)显著高于女性(13.2%;95CI10.7~16.1).然而,在随机测试的司机中,性别之间的APR没有显着差异(男性为2.1%,女性为1.4%),在志愿者中,APR在统计学上有显著差异,男性为3.4%(95CI1.5~7.6),女性为1.1%(95CI0.5~2.7).
结论:尽管酒精相关DUI的流行病学患病率随着时间的推移逐渐下降,在涉及男女道路交通事故的驾驶员中,这种现象仍然令人担忧地很高,男性患病率较高。这对政策制定者来说很重要,专业人士,科学家在规划研究时考虑性别,分析,干预措施,以及与精神活性物质有关的政策,如酒精或其他合法药物。法医学在这方面可以发挥至关重要的作用,能够全面分析不同人群的性别差距。
BACKGROUND: A growing number of studies investigated the factors that contribute to driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol in relation to gender. However, a gendered approach of the scientific evidence is missing in the literature. To fill this gap, a gender-driven systematic review on real case studies of the last two decades was performed. In addition to the gender of the drivers involved, major independent variables such as the period of recruitment, the type of drivers recruited, and the geographical area where the study was conducted, were examined. Afterwards, a meta-analysis was performed comparing alcohol-positive rates (APR) between male and female drivers in three subgroups of drivers: those involved in road traffic accidents, those randomly tested on the road, and volunteers.
METHODS: Three databases were searched for eligible studies in October 2023. Real-case studies reporting APR in man and women convicted for DUI of alcohol worldwide were included. Univariate analysis by ANOVA with post-hoc tests identified the independent variables with a significant impact on the dependent variable APR, according to a relationship subsequently investigated by standard multiple linear regression. The meta-analysis of random effects estimates was performed to investigate the change in overall effect size (measured by Cohen\'s d standardized mean difference test) and 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS: Among papers addressing driver gender, univariate analysis of independent variables revealed a higher Alcohol Positive Rate (APR) in men, particularly in drivers involved in crashes, with a noticeable decrease over time. Analyzing the gender of drivers involved in crashes, the meta-analysis showed that men had a significantly higher APR (30.7%; 95%CI 26.8-35.0) compared to women (13.2%; 95%CI 10.7-16.1). However, in drivers randomly tested, there was no significant difference in APR between genders (2.1% for men and 1.4% for women), while in volunteers, there was a statistically significant difference in APR with 3.4% (95%CI 1.5-7.6) for men and 1.1% (95%CI 0.5-2.7) for women.
CONCLUSIONS: Despite a progressive decrease in the epidemiological prevalence of alcohol-related DUI over time, this phenomenon remains at worryingly high levels among drivers involved in road traffic accidents in both genders, with a higher prevalence in men. It\'s important for policymakers, professionals, and scientists to consider gender when planning research, analysis, interventions, and policies related to psychoactive substances, such as alcohol or other licit drugs. Forensic sciences can play a vital role in this regard, enabling a thorough analysis of gender gaps in different populations.