木瓜(Caricapapaya)是一种雌雄同体的物种,男性,和雌雄同体植物。鉴于性别隔离,选择雌雄同体植物对果园的建立至关重要,因为它们具有更大的商业价值。然而,通过性别选择雌雄同体植物既费力又昂贵。此外,环境压力因素可能会通过潜在的诱导异常的花发育来加剧这个问题,从而影响果实品质。尽管面临这些挑战,控制木瓜性发育的分子机制仍然知之甚少。因此,本研究旨在通过比较蛋白质组学分析,鉴定木瓜雌花和雌雄同体花中与性发育相关的蛋白质。通过shot弹枪方法和nanoESI-HDMSE技术的结合,通过蛋白质组学分析研究了三种木瓜基因型(UENF-CALIMAN01,JS12和SunriseSolo72/12)的早期和晚期发育阶段的花蕾蛋白质。在发育早期的芽中,SS72/12基因型的496(35.9%)蛋白质在性别之间表现出明显不同的丰度,139(10%)为JS12基因型,UC-01基因型为165(11.9%)。在发展的最后阶段,SS72/12为181例(13.5%),JS12为113例(8.4%),UC-01为125例(9.1%).性别之间的大量差异积累的蛋白质(DAP)与代谢有关,正如仅观察到在三种基因型中表现出相同积累模式的蛋白质所显示的那样。具体来说,碳水化合物代谢蛋白在雌雄同体花蕾发育早期上调,而与单糖和氨基酸代谢相关的那些在发育后期增加。孢子粉和苯丙素生物合成途径的富集表征了雌雄同体样品的发育阶段,预测的蛋白质相互作用突出了苯丙素类在孢子囊蛋白生物合成中对花粉壁形成的关键作用。大多数DAP在果胶中起着关键作用,纤维素,和木质素合成,是细胞壁形成和雄花结构发育所必需的,特别是在花粉外套上。这些发现表明雌雄同体花需要更多的能量来发育,可能是由于复杂的花粉壁形成。总的来说,这些见解阐明了木瓜花发育的分子机制,揭示了男性生殖结构形成过程中复杂的调控网络和能量需求。
Papaya (Carica papaya) is a trioecious species with female, male, and hermaphrodite plants. Given the sex segregation, selecting hermaphroditic plants is vital for orchard establishment due to their greater commercial value. However, selecting hermaphrodite plants through sexing is laborious and costly. Moreover, environmental stressors can exacerbate the issue by potentially inducing abnormal flower development, thus affecting fruit quality. Despite these challenges, the molecular mechanisms governing sex development in papaya remain poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to identify proteins associated with sex development in female and hermaphrodite flowers of papaya through comparative proteomic analysis. Proteins from flower buds at the early and late developmental stages of three papaya genotypes (UENF-CALIMAN 01, JS12, and Sunrise Solo 72/12) were studied via proteomic analysis via the combination of the shotgun method and nanoESI-HDMSE technology. In buds at an early stage of development, 496 (35.9%) proteins exhibited significantly different abundances between sexes for the SS72/12 genotype, 139 (10%) for the JS12 genotype, and 165 (11.9%) for the UC-01 genotype. At the final stage of development, there were 181 (13.5%) for SS72/12, 113 (8.4%) for JS12, and 125 (9.1%) for UC-01. The large group of differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) between the sexes was related to metabolism, as shown by the observation of only the proteins that exhibited the same pattern of accumulation in the three genotypes. Specifically, carbohydrate metabolism proteins were up-regulated in hermaphrodite flower buds early in development, while those linked to monosaccharide and amino acid metabolism increased during late development. Enrichment of sporopollenin and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways characterizes hermaphrodite samples across developmental stages, with predicted protein interactions highlighting the crucial role of phenylpropanoids in sporopollenin biosynthesis for pollen wall formation. Most of the DAPs played key roles in pectin, cellulose, and lignin synthesis and were essential for cell wall formation and male flower structure development, notably in the pollen coat. These findings suggest that hermaphrodite flowers require more energy for development, likely due to complex pollen wall formation. Overall, these insights illuminate the molecular mechanisms of papaya floral development, revealing complex regulatory networks and energetic demands in the formation of male reproductive structures.