背景:当患者接受移植时-无论是经典的器官还是骨髓,最近,肢体或面部的复合同种异体移植-它可以导致人工嵌合。这种嵌合体引起了法医学的考虑,一个依赖于从犯罪现场收集和识别生物样本的领域。除了这种嵌合体,复合同种异体移植带来了进一步的挑战。
方法:筛选文献和新闻稿后,我们提供了法医鉴定中使用的一些技术的简要历史和摘要,根据移植解释他们的优点和陷阱,并警告不要利用这些考虑来错误地识别那些逃避司法的人。
结果:面部移植,患者可以接受皮肤,头发,唾液腺,牙齿,以及捐献者的口腔和鼻粘膜,在法医学中非常重要的组成部分。现代技术,如计算机辅助面部识别,尽管随着时间的推移逐渐变得更加准确,在这个移植后的时代也面临着新的挑战,因为面部识别软件可能会被面部或面部移植的手术改变所误导。肢体移植,对指纹识别有影响。
结论:在过去的一个世纪中,外科移植技术和法医技术都取得了令人费解的巨大创新。鉴于在美国和世界范围内成功的复合移植的速度在不断增长,现在,重要的是执法人员要意识到拥有两套遗传物质的新可能性,头发,唾液,指纹,甚至是同一个人的面部识别数据。
BACKGROUND: When a patient receives a transplant-be it classically an organ or bone marrow or, more recently, composite allotransplantations of the limb or face-it can result in artificial chimerism. Such chimerism raises considerations in forensic medicine, a field that relies on the collection and identification of biological samples from crime scenes. Beyond this chimerism, composite allotransplantations create further challenges.
METHODS: After screening the literature and press releases, we provide a brief history and summary of some of the technologies used in forensic identification, explaining their advantages and pitfalls in the light of transplantation and cautioning against misidentifying those who evade justice by taking advantage of such considerations.
RESULTS: With face transplantation, patients can receive the skin, hair, salivary glands, teeth, and oral and nasal mucosa of their donors, components which hold great importance in forensic science. Modern technologies such as computer-assisted facial recognition, although gradually becoming more accurate over time, also face new challenges in this post-transplantation era as facial recognition software can be misled by surgical alterations of the face or face transplantation. With limb transplantation, there is an impact on fingerprint identification.
CONCLUSIONS: Both surgical transplantation techniques and forensic technologies have seen incomprehensibly great innovation in the past century. Given the growing rate of successful composite transplantation in the USA and worldwide, it is now important for law enforcement agents to be aware of the new possibility of having two sets of genetic material, hair, saliva, fingerprints, or even facial recognition data for the same individual.