Falkland Islands

福克兰群岛
  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在北半球,已广泛研究了贻贝物种之间的杂种带。在南美洲,直到最近才有可能研究自然混合带,由于澄清了Mytilus属的本地贻贝的分类学。分析54个SNP标记,我们显示了南美南端的M.chilensis和M.platensis之间的杂种区的遗传物种组成和混合物。贝叶斯,非贝叶斯聚类和重新分配算法表明,麦哲伦海峡的智利M.chilensis和加拿大M.platensis之间的自然混合区,火地岛和福克兰群岛展示了当地建筑。杂化区可分为三个不同的区域:第一个区域在大西洋沿岸,在那里仅发现了纯的M.platensis和杂种。在第二个,在麦哲伦海峡内,具有不同杂交程度的物种和贻贝的纯个体共存。在蓬塔阿雷纳斯城前海峡的最后一个区域,火地岛上的峡湾,在比格尔海峡,仅发现M.chilensis和少量杂种。根据杂种的比例,具有远离强流的受保护条件的海湾将为杂交提供更好的条件。我们没有发现任何其他贻贝物种的证据,例如毛果酵母,GalloprovincialisM.在该区域中的平头分枝杆菌或M.trossulus。
    Hybrid zones among mussel species have been extensively studied in the northern hemisphere. In South America, it has only recently become possible to study the natural hybrid zones, due to the clarification of the taxonomy of native mussels of the Mytilus genus. Analysing 54 SNP markers, we show the genetic species composition and admixture in the hybrid zone between M. chilensis and M. platensis in the southern end of South America. Bayesian, non-Bayesian clustering and re-assignment algorithms showed that the natural hybrid zone between M. chilensis and M. platensis in the Strait of Magellan, Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands shows clinal architecture. The hybrid zone can be divided into three different areas: the first one is on the Atlantic coast where only pure M. platensis and hybrid were found. In the second one, inside the Strait of Magellan, pure individuals of both species and mussels with variable degrees of hybridisation coexist. In the last area at the Strait in front of Punta Arenas City, fjords on the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, and at the Beagle Channel, only M. chilensis and a low number of hybrids were found. According to the proportion of hybrids, bays with protected conditions away from strong currents would give better conditions for hybridisation. We do not find evidence of any other mussel species such as M. edulis, M. galloprovincialis, M. planulatus or M. trossulus in the zone.
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  • 文章类型: Review
    福克兰群岛的海洋环境中混合了温带和亚南极物种。这篇综述综合了有关福克兰群岛大陆架海洋学动态的个体发育迁移模式和营养相互作用的基线信息,这对生态系统建模很有用。许多物种受到区域海洋学动态的强烈影响,这些动态将不同的水团聚集在一起,导致高初级产量,支持其余食物网中的高生物量。Further,许多物种,包括那些有商业利益的,显示复杂的个体发育迁移,分离产卵,护理,在空间和时间上,产生跨越空间和时间的食物网连接。海洋学和生物动力学可能使生态系统容易受到温度和周围地区气候变化的影响。福克兰群岛海洋生态系统的研究不足,各种功能组,对深海栖息地和近海-近海连接的了解很少,应该是进一步研究的重点。
    The Falkland Islands marine environment host a mix of temperate and subantarctic species. This review synthesizes baseline information regarding ontogenetic migration patterns and trophic interactions in relation to oceanographic dynamics of the Falkland Shelf, which is useful to inform ecosystem modelling. Many species are strongly influenced by regional oceanographic dynamics that bring together different water masses, resulting in high primary production which supports high biomass in the rest of the food web. Further, many species, including those of commercial interest, show complex ontogenetic migrations that separate spawning, nursing, and feeding grounds spatially and temporally, producing food web connections across space and time. The oceanographic and biological dynamics may make the ecosystem vulnerable to climatic changes in temperature and shifts in the surrounding area. The Falkland marine ecosystem has been understudied and various functional groups, deep-sea habitats and inshore-offshore connections are poorly understood and should be priorities for further research.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在福克兰群岛,控制细粒棘球蚴引起的囊性棘球蚴病(CE)的尝试已经进行了50多年。自1980年代以来,没有人类病例记录,但有必要确定这种寄生虫是否已从家畜中完全消除。在2018/2019年进行了一项研究,以使用共抗原和共聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析来鉴定感染细粒大肠杆菌的狗。此外,对每年的屠宰数据进行分析,以确定细粒大肠杆菌和2种其他大黄鱼寄生虫的感染水平.结果显示589只狗中的4只(0.7%)通过共同抗原分析检测为阳性。2010年、2012年和2014年进行的类似调查的结果显示17(3%),0和6只(1%)共同抗原阳性的狗,分别,2010年通过PCR确认了8只狗。每年的屠宰场数据显示,从2006年到2020年,36只绵羊被鉴定为E.granulosus(平均0.0055%),14186只带棘球蚴的绵羊(平均2.2%)和465只带棘球蚴的绵羊(平均0.072%)。T.hyhypa和T.ovis的患病率在某些年份显示出自发的上升,在羔羊中也可以检测到感染,这表明存在活的taeniid卵。对农场管理程序的观察表明,有时狗可以接触到感染性大黄鱼。总之,E.granulosus仍然存在于绵羊和狗中,但患病率较低。然而,水母的存在越来越多,表明控制措施在某些领域存在缺陷,并且有可能重新出现CE。
    Attempts to control cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus in the Falkland Islands have been ongoing for over 50 years. No human cases have been recorded since the 1980s but there is a need to establish if the parasite has been completely eliminated from domestic animals. A study was carried out in 2018/2019 to identify dogs infected with E. granulosus using copro-antigen and copro-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In addition, annual slaughter data were analysed to establish infection levels of E. granulosus and 2 other taeniid parasites. Results showed that 4 out of 589 dogs (0.7%) tested positive by copro-antigen analysis. Results from similar surveys carried out in 2010, 2012 and 2014 showed 17 (3%), 0 and 6 (1%) copro-antigen-positive dogs, respectively, with 8 dogs being confirmed by PCR in 2010. Annual abattoir data showed that from 2006 to 2020, 36 sheep were identified with E. granulosus (mean 0.0055%), 14 186 sheep with Taenia hydatigena (mean 2.2%) and 465 with Taenia ovis (mean 0.072%). Prevalences of T. hydatigena and T. ovis showed spontaneous rises in certain years where the infections could also be detected in lambs indicating that viable taeniid eggs were present. Observations of farm management procedures indicated that there were occasions when dogs could get access to infective taeniid material. In conclusion, E. granulosus is still present in sheep and dogs but at low prevalences. The increasing presence of T. hydatigena however, indicates that control measures are defective in some areas and there is potential for a re-emergence of CE.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    根据分子和形态数据,我们描述了来自南乔治亚峡湾沿岸带(21-250m)的三个新属和四个新种的单菌。阿尔巴根。11月。sp.11月。(分支A)有一个细长的,亚圆柱试验,359-688µm长,一些碎屑附着在有机墙上。希拉·阿尔根塔吉创。11月。sp.11月。(分支Y)有一个圆柱形,精细凝集测试,535-755µm长。假征服者双凸透镜。11月。sp.11月。分枝分开。它有一个纺锤形,精细凝集测试,280-574µm长。橄榄吸潮症。11月。(进化枝C)具有卵形有机壁测试,369-433µm长。我们介绍了最初来自南乔治亚的两种单酰胺物种的第一个遗传数据,白海马(C枝)和水蛭(D枝),以及最初从McMurdoSound描述的C.delacai(CladeJ)的单个序列,南极洲。此外,我们报告了9个未描述的物种在6个不同的单层聚酰胺分支中分枝(A,B,BM,C,J,Y),其中八人在南乔治亚附近取样,一人从斯坦利附近的福克兰群岛收集。
    Based on molecular and morphological data, we describe three new genera and four new species of monothalamids from the sublittoral zone (21-250 m) in South Georgia fjords that belong to different monothalamid clades. Limaxia alba gen. nov. sp. nov. (Clade A) has an elongate, subcylindrical test, 359-688 µm long, with some detritus attached to the organic wall. Hilla argentea gen. nov. sp. nov. (Clade Y) has a cylindrical, finely agglutinated test, 535-755 µm long. Pseudoconqueria lenticularis gen. nov. sp. nov. branches separately. It has a spindle-shaped, finely agglutinated test, 280-574 µm long. Bathyallogromia olivacea sp. nov. (Clade C) has an ovate organic-walled test, 369-433 µm long. We present the first genetic data on two monothalamid species originally described from South Georgia, Hippocrepinella alba (Clade C) and Hippocrepinella hirudinea (Clade D), as well as a single sequence for C. delacai (Clade J) originally described from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. In addition, we report nine undescribed species branching in six different monothalamid clades (A, B, BM, C, J, Y), eight of them sampled around South Georgia and one collected from the Falkland Islands near Stanley.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    在两个半球的温带和亚极纬度支持生产性和多样化的沿海生态系统的巨型海带种群容易受到不断变化的气候条件以及直接的人类影响。对巨型海带森林的观测在空间和时间上是不均匀的,北半球的覆盖率不成比例,尽管南半球海带森林的大小和密度相当。卫星图像可以绘制研究不足地区现有和历史上的巨型海带种群,但是使用卫星图像自动检测巨型海带需要对浅层光学复杂性具有鲁棒性的方法,近岸环境。我们介绍并比较了两种在卫星数据集中自动检测巨型海带的方法:一种是基于卫星图像分类的众包,另一种是基于与光谱混合算法(使用GoogleEarthEngine自动化)配对的决策树。两种方法都适用于福克兰群岛或马尔维纳斯群岛(FLK)的卫星图像(Landsat),大西洋南部的一个群岛,支持广阔的巨型海带生态系统。通过将自动分类与专家注释图像的子集进行比较来评估每种方法的性能(8张图像跨越了我们连续时间的大部分,累计覆盖超过2700公里的海岸线,并包括所有相关传感器)。使用本文评估的遥感方法,我们使用跨越三十年的Landsat图像展示了FLK地区巨型海带观测的第一个连续时间序列。我们没有发现FLK地区长期变化的证据,尽管我们观察到2017-2021年的总树冠面积最近有所下降。使用基于从船舶获得的附近海洋状态测量值并结合卫星海面温度产品的硝酸盐模型,我们发现,FLK地区的巨型海带森林面积与上一年观察到的硝酸盐含量呈正相关。我们的结果表明,使用公民科学进行的巨型海带分类与基于最先进的自动光谱方法的分类大致一致。尽管准确度和灵敏度不同,这两种方法都发现了很高的年际变化,这阻碍了对巨大海带冠层面积潜在长期变化的检测,尽管最近的冠层面积下降是显著的,应该继续仔细监测。
    Giant kelp populations that support productive and diverse coastal ecosystems at temperate and subpolar latitudes of both hemispheres are vulnerable to changing climate conditions as well as direct human impacts. Observations of giant kelp forests are spatially and temporally uneven, with disproportionate coverage in the northern hemisphere, despite the size and comparable density of southern hemisphere kelp forests. Satellite imagery enables the mapping of existing and historical giant kelp populations in understudied regions, but automating the detection of giant kelp using satellite imagery requires approaches that are robust to the optical complexity of the shallow, nearshore environment. We present and compare two approaches for automating the detection of giant kelp in satellite datasets: one based on crowd sourcing of satellite imagery classifications and another based on a decision tree paired with a spectral unmixing algorithm (automated using Google Earth Engine). Both approaches are applied to satellite imagery (Landsat) of the Falkland Islands or Islas Malvinas (FLK), an archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean that supports expansive giant kelp ecosystems. The performance of each method is evaluated by comparing the automated classifications with a subset of expert-annotated imagery (8 images spanning the majority of our continuous timeseries, cumulatively covering over 2,700 km of coastline, and including all relevant sensors). Using the remote sensing approaches evaluated herein, we present the first continuous timeseries of giant kelp observations in the FLK region using Landsat imagery spanning over three decades. We do not detect evidence of long-term change in the FLK region, although we observe a recent decline in total canopy area from 2017-2021. Using a nitrate model based on nearby ocean state measurements obtained from ships and incorporating satellite sea surface temperature products, we find that the area of giant kelp forests in the FLK region is positively correlated with the nitrate content observed during the prior year. Our results indicate that giant kelp classifications using citizen science are approximately consistent with classifications based on a state-of-the-art automated spectral approach. Despite differences in accuracy and sensitivity, both approaches find high interannual variability that impedes the detection of potential long-term changes in giant kelp canopy area, although recent canopy area declines are notable and should continue to be monitored carefully.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Smooth-shelled blue mussels, Mytilus spp., have a worldwide antitropical distribution and are ecologically and economically important. Mussels of the Mytilus edulis species complex have been the focus of numerous taxonomic and biogeographical studies, in particular in the Northern hemisphere, but the taxonomic classification of mussels from South America remains unclear. The present study analysed 348 mussels from 20 sites in Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and the Falkland Islands on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America. We sequenced two mitochondrial locus, Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (625 bp) and 16S rDNA (443 bp), and one nuclear gene, ribosomal 18S rDNA (1770 bp). Mitochondrial and nuclear loci were analysed separately and in combination using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods to identify the combination of the most informative dataset and model. Species delimitation using five different models (GMYC single, bGMYC, PTP, bPTP and BPP) revealed that the Mytilus edulis complex in South America is represented by three species: native M. chilensis, M. edulis, and introduced Northern Hemisphere M. galloprovincialis. However, all models failed to delimit the putative species Mytilus platensis. In contrast, however, broad spatial scale genetic structure in South America using Geneland software to analyse COI sequence variation revealed a group of native mussels (putatively M. platensis) in central Argentina and the Falkland Islands. We discuss the scope of species delimitation methods and the use of nuclear and mitochondrial genetic data to the recognition of species within the Mytilus edulis complex at regional and global scales.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Animals in the wild are able to subsist on pathogen-infected and poisonous food and show immunity to various diseases. These may be due to their microbiota, yet we have a poor understanding of animal microbial diversity and function. We used metagenomics to analyze the gut microbiota of more than 180 species in the wild, covering diverse classes, feeding behaviors, geographies, and traits. Using de novo metagenome assembly, we constructed and functionally annotated a database of more than 5000 genomes, comprising 1209 bacterial species of which 75% are unknown. The microbial composition, diversity, and functional content exhibit associations with animal taxonomy, diet, activity, social structure, and life span. We identify the gut microbiota of wild animals as a largely untapped resource for the discovery of therapeutics and biotechnology applications.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Species distribution models (SDMs) are valuable tools for describing the occurrence of species and predicting suitable habitats. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) and MaxEnt models to predict the relative densities of four cetacean species (sei whale Balaeanoptera borealis, southern right whale Eubalaena australis, Peale\'s dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis, and Commerson\'s dolphin Cephalorhynchus commersonii) in neritic waters (≤100 m depth) around the Falkland Islands, using boat survey data collected over three seasons (2017-2019). The model predictor variables (PVs) included remotely sensed environmental variables (sea surface temperature, SST, and chlorophyll-a concentration) and static geographical variables (e.g. water depth, distance to shore, slope). The GAM results explained 35 to 41% of the total deviance for sei whale, combined sei whales and unidentified large baleen whales, and Commerson\'s dolphins, but only 17% of the deviance for Peale\'s dolphins. The MaxEnt models for all species had low to moderate discriminatory power. The relative density of sei whales increased with SST in both models, and their predicted distribution was widespread across the inner shelf which is consistent with the use of Falklands\' waters as a coastal summer feeding ground. Peale\'s dolphins and Commerson\'s dolphins were largely sympatric across the study area. However, the relative densities of Commerson\'s dolphins were generally predicted to be higher in nearshore, semi-enclosed, waters compared with Peale\'s dolphins, suggesting some habitat partitioning. The models for southern right whales performed poorly and the results were not considered meaningful, perhaps due to this species exhibiting fewer strong habitat preferences around the Falklands. The modelling results are applicable to marine spatial planning to identify where the occurrence of cetacean species and anthropogenic activities may most overlap. Additionally, the results can inform the process of delineating a potential Key Biodiversity Area for sei whales in the Falkland Islands.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Lepidepecreoides stoddartae sp. nov. is described from the Falkland Islands. Previous reports of Lepidepecreoides K.H. Barnard, 1931 species usually include only a few specimens. The material examined is considered a large collection, with 12 individuals collected during benthic sampling by commercial oil and gas exploration. Lepidepecreoides stoddartae sp. nov. is the seventh species described in the genus, and can be presently defined by the gnathopod 1 propodus palm acute, pereopod 7 basis posterior margin serrations, and variation in the position, size and sculpturing of the projections on the pereopods 5 basis, pleonites and urosomite 1. An updated world key to the known species of Lepidepecreoides K.H. Barnard, 1931 is provided.
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  • 文章类型: Journal Article
    Trace elements\' concentration in the ocean is fast growing and is a source of major concern. Being charismatic and at the top of food chains, seabirds are often used as biological monitors of contaminants. We studied the concentration of trace elements in blood of black-browed albatross from the Falklands Islands, which we here show, by tracking with geolocators, forage over most of the Patagonian Shelf. Levels of trace elements were measured in males and females from two different islands. Blood concentrations of trace elements were not significantly different between islands, which is consistent with observations from foraging behavior revealing that birds from both islands foraged in broadly the same areas in the months before sampling. Arsenic and selenium concentrations in females were higher than in males. Sex-related differences in the concentration of these elements may be related to unknown slight differences in diet or to differences in assimilation between sexes. These results provide reference values for monitoring elemental contamination in the Patagonian Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem using black-browed albatrosses, one of the most abundant top predators and a suitable sentinel for the region\'s environmental health.
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