背景:红洋葱皮,一种现成的农业废料,含有具有潜在健康益处的多种生物活性化合物。这项研究旨在评估红洋葱皮提取物在控制躁狂样症状和相关神经化学功能障碍方面的安全性和治疗潜力。
方法:在小鼠和大鼠中进行急性和重复口服剂量研究,以评估提取物的安全性。FT-IR分析确定了提取物中的官能团,而GC-MS分析确定了富含类黄酮的部分中的特定生物活性化合物。在Wistar大鼠中使用氯胺酮诱导的躁狂行为模型来评估提取物减轻躁狂样症状的功效。进行行为和神经化学分析以进一步研究提取物的作用。
结果:提取物在急性和重复剂量研究中均显示出良好的安全性。FT-IR分析揭示了有机化合物的复杂混合物,包括羟基,炔烃/腈,芳香和非芳香C=C键,胺,和多糖。GC-MS分析确定了17种生物活性化合物,包括5-甲基-2-苯基连氮酮,美沙酮N-氧化物,和3-苯基噻烷,S-氧化物.氯胺酮给药显著增加氧化应激标志物,TBARS,和抑制抗氧化酶活性(SOD,GPx,CAT)在大脑皮层和海马中,随着乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性升高,表明神经元兴奋性增强。FRF(25mg/kg)预处理可有效缓解氯胺酮诱导的氧化应激,TBARS水平降低,SOD和GPx活性部分恢复。有趣的是,FRF显着增加CAT活性(p<0.001),可能暗示了额外的补偿机制。值得注意的是,FRF预处理还抵消了氯胺酮上调的AchE活性,提供神经保护,防止神经元兴奋性增强。
结论:红洋葱皮提取物具有良好的安全性,并具有有效的抗氧化和神经保护作用,可能通过调节Nrf2信号通路。其抵消氯胺酮诱导的氧化应激和神经元过度活动的能力凸显了其作为治疗双相情感障碍躁狂发作的补充治疗策略的潜力。需要进一步的研究来阐明FRF作用的精确分子机制,并探索其在人体研究中的临床疗效。
BACKGROUND: Red onion husk, a readily available agricultural waste material, contains diverse bioactive compounds with potential health benefits. This study aimed to assess the safety and therapeutic potential of red onion husk extract in managing manic-like symptoms and associated neurochemical dysfunctions.
METHODS: Acute and repeated oral dose studies were conducted in mice and rats to evaluate the safety profile of the extract. FT-IR analysis identified functional groups in the extract, while GC-MS analysis identified specific bioactive compounds in the flavonoid-rich fraction. A ketamine-induced manic behaviour model in Wistar rats was employed to assess the extract\'s efficacy in attenuating manic-like symptoms. Behavioural and neurochemical analyses were performed to further investigate the extract\'s effects.
RESULTS: The extract demonstrated a favourable safety profile in both acute and repeated dose studies. FT-IR analysis revealed a complex mixture of organic compounds, including hydroxyl groups, alkynes/nitriles, aromatic and non-aromatic C = C bonds, amines, and polysaccharides. GC-MS analysis identified 17 bioactive compounds, including five-methyl-2-phenylindolizine, methadone N-oxide, and 3-phenylthiane, S-oxide. Ketamine administration significantly increased oxidative stress markers, TBARS, and suppressed antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, GPx, CAT) in both the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, alongside elevated acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, indicating enhanced neuronal excitability. Pre-treatment with FRF (25 mg/kg) effectively mitigated ketamine-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced TBARS levels and partially restored SOD and GPx activities. Interestingly, FRF significantly increased CAT activity (p < 0.001), potentially suggesting an additional compensatory mechanism. Notably, FRF pre-treatment also counteracted ketamine-upregulated AchE activity, offering neuroprotection against heightened neuronal excitability.
CONCLUSIONS: Red onion husk extract exhibits a favourable safety profile and exerts potent antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, possibly through modulating Nrf2 signalling pathways. Its ability to counteract ketamine-induced oxidative stress and neuronal hyperactivity highlights its potential as a complementary therapeutic strategy for managing manic episodes in bipolar disorder. Further research is warranted to elucidate the precise molecular mechanisms underlying FRF\'s action and explore its clinical efficacy in human studies.