The hydrothermal pretreatment process stands out as a pivotal step in breaking down the hemicellulosic fraction of lignocellulosic biomasses, such as sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus sawdust. This pretreatment step is crucial for preparing these materials for subsequent processes, particularly in food applications. This technique aims to disintegrate plant wall components like cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, and facilitating access in later phases such as enzymatic hydrolysis, and ultimately making fermentable sugars available. In this study, sugarcane bagasse and eucalyptus sawdust biomass underwent hydrothermal pretreatment at specific conditions, yielding two key components: dry biomass and hemicellulose liquor. The primary focus was to assess the impact of hydrothermal pretreatment followed by enzymatic hydrolysis, using the Celic Ctec III enzyme cocktail, to obtain fermentable sugars. These sugars were then transformed into membranes via strain Gluconacetobacter xylinus bacterial biosynthesis. Notably, the addition of a nitrogen source significantly boosted production to 14.76 g/ in hydrolyzed sugarcane bagasse, underscoring its vital role in bacterial metabolism. Conversely, in hydrolyzed eucalyptus, nitrogen source inclusion unexpectedly decreased yield, highlighting the intricate interactions in fermentation media and the pivotal influence of nitrogen supplementation. Characterization of membranes obtained in synthetic and hydrolyzed media through techniques such as FEG-SEM, FTIR, and TGA, followed by mass balance assessment, gauged their viability on an industrial scale. This comprehensive study aimed not only to understand the effects of pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis but to also evaluate the applicability and sustainability of the process on a large scale, providing crucial insights into its feasibility and efficiency in practical food-related scenarios, utilizing nanocellulose bacterial (BNC) as a key component.

Understanding how environmental variables influence biofilm formation becomes relevant for managing Vibrio biofilm-related infections in shrimp production. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of temperature, time, and initial inoculum in the biofilm development of these two Vibrio species using a multifactorial experimental design. Planktonic growth inhibition and inhibition/eradication of Vibrio biofilms, more exactly V. parahaemolyticus (VP87 and VP275) and V. cholerae (VC112) isolated from shrimp farms were evaluated by Eucalyptus and Guava aqueous leaf extracts and compared to tetracycline and ceftriaxone. Preliminary results showed that the best growth conditions of biofilm development for V. parahaemolyticus were 24 h and 24°C (p <0.001), while V. cholerae biofilms were 72 h and 30°C (p <0.001). Multivariate linear regression ANOVA was applied using colony-forming unit (CFU) counting assays as a reference, and R-squared values were applied as goodness-of-fit measurements for biofilm analysis. Then, both plant extracts were analyzed with HPLC using double online detection by diode array detector (DAD) and mass spectrometry (MS) for the evaluation of their chemical composition, where the main identified compounds for Eucalyptus extract were cypellogin A, cypellogin B, and cypellocarpin C, while guavinoside A, B, and C compounds were the main compounds for Guava extract. For planktonic growth inhibition, Eucalyptus extract showed its maximum effect at 200 μg/mL with an inhibition of 75% (p < 0.0001) against all Vibrio strains, while Guava extract exhibited its maximum inhibition at 1600 μg/mL with an inhibition of 70% (p < 0.0001). Both biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed by the two conditions (24 h at 24°C and 72 h at 30°C) on Vibrio strains according to desirability analysis. Regarding 24 h at 24°C, differences were observed in the CFU counting between antibiotics and plant extracts, where both plant extracts demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values (Eucalyptus extract: 1600, 3200, and 6400 μg/mL; while Guava extract: 12800, 25600, and 52000 μg/mL). Concerning 72 h at 30°C, results showed a less notorious biomass inhibition by Guava leaf extract and tetracycline. However, Eucalyptus extract significantly reduced the total number of viable cells within Vibrio biofilms from 2x to 32x MIC values (400-6400 μg/mL) when compared to the same MIC values of ceftriaxone (5-80 μg/mL), which was not able to reduce viable cells. Eucalyptus extract demonstrated similar results at both growth conditions, showing an average inhibition of approximately 80% at 400 μg/mL concentration for all Vibrio isolates (p < 0.0001). Moreover, eradication biofilm assays demonstrated significant eradication against all Vibrio strains at both growth conditions, but biofilm eradication values were substantially lower. Both extract plants demonstrated a higher reduction of viable cells when compared with both antibiotics at 8x, 16x, and 32x MIC values at both growth sets, where Eucalyptus extract at 800 μg/mL reduced 70% of biomass and 90% of viable cells for all Vibrio strains (p < 0.0001). Overall results suggested a viable alternative against vibriosis in the shrimp industry in Ecuador.

Xylan, one of the most important structures and polysaccharides, plays critical roles in plant development, growth, and defense responses to pathogens. Glucuronic acid substitution of xylan (GUX) functions in xylan sidechain decoration, which is involved in a wide range of physiological processes in plants. However, the specifics of GUXs in trees remain unclear. In this study, the characterization and evolution of the GUX family genes in E. grandis, a fast-growing forest tree belonging to the Myrtaceae family, were performed. A total of 23 EgGUXs were identified from the E. grandis genome, of which all members contained motif 2, 3, 5, and 7. All GUX genes were phylogeneticly clustered into five distinct groups. Among them, EgGUX01~EgGUX05 genes were clustered into group III and IV, which were more closely related to the AtGUX1, AtGUX2, and AtGUX4 members of Arabidopsis thaliana known to possess glucuronyltransferase activity, while most other members were clustered into group I. The light-responsive elements, hormone-responsive elements, growth and development-responsive elements, and stress-responsive elements were found in the promoter cis-acting elements, suggesting the expression of GUX might also be regulated by abiotic factors. RNA-Seq data confirmed that EgGUX02, EgGUX03, and EgGUX10 are highly expressed in xylem, and EgGUX09, EgGUX10, and EgGUX14 were obviously responses to abiotic stresses. The results of this paper will provide a comprehensive determination of the functions of the EgGUX family members, which will further contribute to understanding E. grandis xylan formation.

Understanding the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) and considering it in the selection process is a sine qua non condition for the expansion of Brazilian eucalyptus silviculture. This study\'s objective is to select high-performance and stable eucalyptus clones based on a novel selection index that considers the Factor Analytic Selection Tools (FAST) and the clone\'s reliability. The investigation explores the nuances interplay of GEI and extends its insights by scrutinizing the relationship between latent factors and real environmental features. The analysis, conducted across seven trials in five Brazilian states involving 78 clones, employs FAST. The clonal selection was performed using an extended FAST index weighted by the clone\'s reliability. Further insights about GEI emerge from the integration of factor loadings with 25 environmental features through a principal component analysis. Ten clones, distinguished by high performance, stability, and reliability, have been selected across the target population of environments. The environmental features most closely associated with factor loadings, encompassing air temperature, radiation, and soil characteristics, emerge as pivotal drivers of GEI within this dataset. This study contributes insights to eucalyptus breeders, equipping them to enhance decision-making by harnessing a holistic understanding-from the genotypes under evaluation to the diverse environments anticipated in commercial plantations.

Many plants can produce essential oils (EOs), having various biological properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant, anti-enzymatic and antimicrobial effects of the EOs derived from leaves of Eucalyptus cladocalyx, E. angulosa, E. microcorys, E. ovata, E. diversicolor, E. saligna, E. sargentii and E. resinifera. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was carried out with three different methods (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP). In addition, their anti-colinesterases, anti α-amylase and anti α-glucosidase effects were assessed by spectrophotometric assays. The antimicrobial activities were tested against six phytopathogenic bacterial strains, including two G + ve (Bacillus mojavensis and Clavibacter michiganensis) and four G-ve (Pseudomonas fluorescence, P. syringae, Xanthomonas campestris and E. coli). The current study has also investigated the inhibition of biofilm formation and the possible effect on bacterial cells biofilm metabolism of three Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) and two Gram-positive pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes). The ABTS and DPPH tests indicated that E. diversicolor and E. saligna EOs showed high antioxidant activities, whereas FRAP test suggested that E. diversicolor EO exhibited the better antioxidant activity. E. resinifera and E. ovata EOs were the most active against cholinesterases instead E. ovata and E. sargentii EOs were more active against enzymes involved in diabetes. Antibacterial assays revealed that E. ovata and E. saligna EOs possess significant activity closely to tetracycline. Whereas, the antifungal assay revealed that all EOs have effectively suppressed the tested fungal growth. E. saligna EO showed substantial efficacy inhibiting both the mature biofilm (85.40 %) and metabolic activities (89.80 %) of L. monocytogenes. These results demonstrate the wide range of possible uses for Eucalyptus EOs in both agriculture and medicine fields, suggesting potential uses as strong antibiofilm agents and for biocontrol of phytopathogens.

This work presents a new process, based on the green nanoparticles Fe3O4 and magnetization coupling for the treatment of saline well water. In this context, iron nanoparticles were synthesized using Eucalyptus globulus leaves. The nanomaterials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared for identification. Batch experiments were conducted to illustrate the optimal parameters related to contact times and the mass of nanoparticles. The latter marked an optimal contact time of 100 min and a mass of 56 mg/L accompanied by a magnetic treatment for a contact time of 48 min. The results showed a significant (R2 = 0.93) water salinity reduction (67%) and a potential for improvement in the germination of tomato seeds (81%) through the investigation of the evolution of the length of the roots, the stems, and the number of germinated seeds.

BACKGROUND: Chicken coccidiosis is an intracellular parasitic disease that presents major challenges to the development of the commercial poultry industry. Perennial drug selective pressure has led to the multi-drug resistance of chicken coccidia, which makes the prevention and control of chicken coccidiosis extremely difficult. In recent years, natural plant products have attracted the attention of researchers due to their inherent advantages, such as the absence of veterinary drug residues. The development of these natural products provides a new direction for the prevention and treatment of chicken coccidiosis.
METHODS: The anticoccidial effect of a natural plant product combination formulation (eucalyptus oil + apigenin + eugenol essential oil) was tested against Eimeria tenella in broilers. To search for the optimal concentration of the combination formulation, we screened 120 broilers in a chicken cage trial in which 100 broilers were infected with 5 × 104 sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts; broilers receiving a decoquinate solution was set up as a chemical control. The optimal anticoccidial concentration was determined by calculating the anticoccidial index (ACI), and the suitable concentration was used as the recommended dose for a series of safety dose assessment tests, such as feed conversion ratio (FCR), hematological indices and serum biochemical indices, as well as liver and kidney sections, at onefold (low dose), threefold (medium dose) and sixfold (high dose) the recommended dose (RD).
RESULTS: The results showed that this combination formulation of three plant natural products had a better anticoccidial effect than formulations containing two plant natural products or a single one, with an ACI of 169.3. The dose gradient anticoccidial test revealed that the high-dose formulation group had a better anticoccidial effect (ACI = 169.2) than the medium- and low-dose groups. The safety evaluation test showed that concentrations of the formulation at one-, three- and sixfold the RD were non-toxic to Arbor Acres broilers, indicating the high safety of the combination formulation.
CONCLUSIONS: The combination formulation showed not only a moderate anticoccidial effect but also had a high safety profile for broilers. The results of this study indicate a new alternative for the prevention and control of coccidiosis in broilers.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles possess unique properties that make them promising candidates in various fields, including cancer treatment. Among the proposed synthesis methods for CNPs, biosynthesis using natural extracts, offers an eco-friendly and convenient approach for producing CNPs, particularly for biomedical applications. In this study, a novel method of biosynthesis using the aqueous extract of Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves was used to synthesize CNPs. Scanning electron microscopy and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques revealed that the synthesized CNPs exhibit a flower-like morphology. The particle size of CNPs obtained using Powder X-ray diffraction peaks and TEM as 13.43 and 39.25 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the effect of biomolecules during the synthesis process and the formation of CNPs. The cytotoxicity of biosynthesized samples was evaluated using the MTT method demonstrating the potential of these samples to inhibit MCF-7 cancerous cells. The viability of the MCF-7 cell line conducted by live/dead imaging assay confirmed the MTT cytotoxicity method and indicated their potential to inhibit cancerous cells. Furthermore, the successful uptake of CNPs by MCF-7 cancer cells, as demonstrated by confocal microscopy, provides evidence that the intracellular pathway contributes to the anticancer activity of the CNPs. In general, results indicate that the biosynthesized CNPs exhibit significant cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cancerous cell line, attributed to their high surface area.

In plants, abiotic stressors are frequently encountered during growth and development. To counteract these challenges, zinc finger proteins play a critical role as transcriptional regulators. The EgrZFP6 gene, which codes for a zinc finger protein of the C2H2 type, was shown to be considerably elevated in the leaves of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings in the current study when they were subjected to a variety of abiotic stimuli, including heat, salinity, cold, and drought. Analysis conducted later showed that in EgrZFP6 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana, EgrZFP6 was essential for causing hyponastic leaves and controlling the stress response. Furthermore, the transgenic plants showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Additionally, in EgrZFP6-overexpressing plants, transcriptome sequencing analysis demonstrated a considerable downregulation of many genes involved in photosynthesis, decreasing electron transport efficiency and perhaps promoting the buildup of ROS. Auxin levels were higher and auxin signal transduction was compromised in the transgenic plants. Stress-related genes were also upregulated in Arabidopsis as a result of EgrZFP6 overexpression. It is hypothesized that EgrZFP6 can downregulate photosynthesis, which would cause the production of ROS in chloroplasts. As a result, this protein may alter plant stress responses and leaf morphology via a retrograde mechanism driven by ROS. These results highlight the significance of zinc finger proteins in this sophisticated process and advance our understanding of the complex link between gene regulation, ROS signaling, and plant stress responses.

Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (D. citri) is one of the major pests in the citrus industry, which spreads Citrus Huanglongbing disease. It has developed resistance to chemical insecticides. Therefore, searching for greener solutions for pest management is critically important. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the repellent and insecticidal efficacy of essential oils (EOs) from four species of Myrtaceae plants: Psidium guajava (PG), Eucalyptus robusta (ER), Eucalyptus tereticornis (ET), and Baeckea frutescens (BF) against D. citri and to analyze their chemical compositions. GC-MS analysis was performed, and the results indicated that the EOs of PG, ER, ET, and BF were rich in terpenoids, ketones, esters, and alcohol compounds. The repellent rate of all four EOs showed that it decreased with exposure time but increased with the concentration of EOs from 80.50% to 100.00% after treating D. citri for 6 h with four EOs at 100% concentration and decreased to 67.71% to 85.49% after 24 h of exposure. Among the compounds from the EOs tested, eucalyptol had the strongest repellent activity, with a 24 h repellency rate of 100%. The contact toxicity bioassay results showed that all EOs have insecticidal toxicity to D. citri; the LC50 for nymphs was 36.47-93.15 mL/L, and for adults, it was 60.72-111.00 mL/L. These results show that when PG is used as the reference material, the ER, ET, and BF EOs have strong biological activity against D. citri, which provides a scientific basis for the further development of plant-derived agrochemicals.