背景:历史上,由于山区环境中典型的气候和生态变化,安第斯人在粮食资源的可获得性方面经历了不确定性。风险管理战略,包括不同海拔的物种和生态系统的多样化和互补使用和管理,面对这样的不确定性。气候变化对粮食安全的当前影响激发了对生存适应策略的研究。TEK提供非凡的经验和当地的生物文化记忆,以满足当前和未来的需求。从民族生态学的角度来看,我们的目标是确定安第斯社区的各种当地食品,它们对当地人的文化和营养价值,他们的使用频率,以及它们从不同环境中获得它们的形式,生产系统,和互换。尽管受到现代食品和交换系统的压力,我们仍希望确定传统的安第斯多样化的生存模式。
方法:这项研究是在Huánuco省高地的两个社区进行的,秘鲁。我们对通过滚雪球法抽样的家庭进行了24次半结构化访谈。我们询问了他们的日常生活食物,饮食中的植物和动物成分,它们被消费的频率和季节,以及获得它们的方法。我们通过野生的民族植物学收集来补充这些信息,杂草,以及饮食中包含的可食植物和有关家畜和野生动物的记录。
结果:我们记录了37种作物,13家养动物,151野生,杂草,和粗俗的食物植物种类,最常食用的三种野生动物,以及从当地商店和市场获得的52种加工产品。主要农作物是马铃薯和玉米,虽然饮食中包含的主要家畜是牛,猪,和羊。大米,意大利面,面包是饮食中的主要原料和加工食品。农作物占消费和购买的食物的近一半(以千克/年为单位),块茎和谷物提供大部分千卡热量,碳水化合物和蛋白质。狂野,杂草,每个物种消耗的数量和频率相对较低,但总的来说,它们占每年食用食物千克的很大一部分(卡尼占14.4%,蒙特阿祖尔占9.6%)。这些资源的知识和使用在当地美食和营养中起着关键作用。
结论:目前研究的食物模式是基于不同的饮食,包括多种饲料,来源,以及获得它们的实践,这反映了传统的安第斯生存模式。加工食品的日益普及影响了当地食品消费的下降,主要是年轻人。宣传和推广当地食品的政策,强调野生植物的作用及其足够的消费,并建议提供有关其营养价值的信息,以支持实现粮食主权和保护安第斯生物文化多样性的努力。
BACKGROUND: Historically, the Andean people have experienced uncertainty in terms of the availability of food resources because of climatic and ecological variations that are typical of mountainous environments. Risk management strategies, including the diversified and complementary use and management of species and ecosystems at different elevations, have faced such uncertainty. The current effects of climate change on food security motivate studies on subsistence adaptative strategies. TEK offers extraordinary experience and local biocultural memory to meet present and future needs. From an ethnoecological perspective, we aim to identify the variety of local foods in Andean communities, their cultural and nutritional value for local people, their use frequencies, and their forms to obtain them from different environments, productive systems, and interchanges. We expected to identify traditional Andean diversified subsistence patterns despite the pressure of modern food and interchange systems.
METHODS: This study was conducted in two communities in the highlands of the Department of Huánuco, Peru. We conducted 24 semistructured interviews with households sampled through the snowball method. We asked about their daily life food, plant and animal components of diet, frequencies and seasons in which they are consumed, and ways to obtain them. We complemented the information through ethnobotanical collection of wild, weedy, and ruderal edible plants and records on domestic and wild animals included in the diet.
RESULTS: We recorded 37 crop species, 13 domestic animals, 151 wild, weedy, and ruderal food plant species, the 3 most commonly consumed wild animals, and 52 processed products obtained from local stores and markets. The main crops are potato and maize, while the main domestic animals included in the diet are cattle, pigs, and sheep. Rice, pasta, and bread are the main raw and processed foods included in the diet. Crops represent nearly half of the food consumed and purchased (in kg/year), and tubers and cereals provide most of the kilocalories, carbohydrates and proteins. Wild, weedy, and ruderal plants are consumed in relatively low amounts and at relatively low frequencies per species, but overall, they constitute a significant proportion of the kg of annually consumed food (14.4% in Cani and 9.6% in Monte Azul). Knowledge and use of these resources play a key role in local cuisine and nutrition.
CONCLUSIONS: The current food patterns studied are based on diverse diets, including multiple feedstuffs, sources, and practices to obtain them, which reflects the traditional Andean subsistence pattern. The increasing adoption of processed food has influenced the declining consumption of local food, mainly among young people. Communication and policies to promote local food, emphasizing the role of wild plants and their adequate consumption, and provide information on their nutritional value are recommended to support efforts toward food sovereignty and conservation of Andean biocultural diversity.