坚果的特点是营养价值高,建议作为健康饮食的一部分。同时,有毒元素也可以在其中找到。在这项研究中,我们测量了As的含量,Cd,多种食用坚果中的Pb和Hg。要确定As含量,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)。Cd和Pb通过电热原子吸收光谱分析技术(ETAAS)进行了Zeeman背景校正,而在汞的情况下,使用了原子吸收光谱法(AAS)和汞齐法。研究材料由120个样品组成,没有重复(每个亚组10个),包括以下坚果:杏仁,巴西坚果,腰果,榛子,澳洲坚果,花生,山核桃,松子,开心果和核桃.指标,如目标危险商(THQ),癌症风险(CR)和风险指数(HI)用于评估健康风险.最高中位数As,Cd,观察到开心果的Pb和Hg含量(192.42µg/kg),松子(238.40µg/kg),花生(82.06微克/千克)和山核桃(82.06微克/千克),分别。在9个样品的铅情况下发现了既定限值的超标:澳洲坚果(221.49µg/kg;2350.94µg/kg;2581.43µg/kg),松子(266.33µg/kg),花生(1353.80µg/kg)和山核桃(2689.13µg/kg,2758.26µg/kg,2992.29微克/千克和3169.41微克/千克)。在从美国进口的33%的山核桃中发现了极高的Pb含量(>2500µg/kg)。健康风险指标没有发现健康风险增加。考虑到食品安全问题,这项研究意义重大,并表明需要定期控制食品中有毒元素的含量,以及确定坚果中重金属含量的具体限值。化学计量学分析包括聚类分析和主成分分析(PCA)。聚类分析可以根据积累有毒元素的能力区分四个亚组:松子,山核桃,开心果和其他分析的坚果。PCA主要显示因子1,主要区分山核桃,澳洲坚果和花生。化学计量学分析可以是估计不同坚果物种积累污染物的能力的有用工具。
Nuts are characterized by high nutritional value and are recommended as a part of a healthy diet. At the same time, toxic elements could also be found in them. In this research, we measured the content of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in a wide variety of edible nuts. To determine the As content, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was applied. Cd and Pb were detected by the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry analytical technique (ETAAS) with Zeeman background correction, while atomic absorption spectrometry method (AAS) with the amalgamation technique in the case of Hg was used. The study material consisted of 120 samples without replications (10 for each subgroup) including the following nuts: Almonds, Brazil nuts, cashew nuts, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, peanuts, pecan nuts, pine nuts, pistachios and walnuts. Indicators such as the target hazard quotient (THQ), cancer risk (CR) and hazard index (HI) were used to assess the health risk. The highest median As, Cd, Pb and Hg contents were observed for pistachios (192.42 µg/kg), pine nuts (238.40 µg/kg), peanuts (82.06 µg/kg) and pecans (82.06 µg/kg), respectively. The exceedance of the established limits was found in the case of Pb for nine samples: macadamia nuts (221.49 µg/kg; 2350.94 µg/kg; 2581.43 µg/kg), pine nuts (266.33 µg/kg), peanuts (1353.80 µg/kg) and pecans (2689.13 µg/kg, 2758.26 µg/kg, 2992.29 µg/kg and 3169.41 µg/kg). Extremely high (>2500 µg/kg) Pb content was found in 33% of studied pecans imported from the USA. The health risk indicators did not identify increased health risk. This research is significant considering the food safety issues and indicates the need to regularly control the content of toxic elements in food, as well as to establish the specific limits for heavy metals content in nuts. The chemometric analysis included cluster analysis and principal component analysis (PCA). Cluster analysis made it possible to distinguish four subgroups on the basis of the ability to accumulate toxic elements: pine nuts, pecans, pistachios and other analysed nuts. PCA indicated primarily factor 1, distinguishing mainly pecans, macadamia nuts and peanuts. Chemometric analysis can be a useful tool in estimating the ability of different nut species to accumulate contaminants.