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UNASSIGNED: To review the research progress on the application of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology in auricle repair and reconstruction.
UNASSIGNED: The recent domestic and international research literature on 3D printing and auricle repair and reconstruction was extensively reviewed, and the concept of 3D bioprinting technology and research progress in auricle repair and reconstruction were summarized.
UNASSIGNED: The auricle possesses intricate anatomical structure and functionality, necessitating precise tissue reconstruction and morphological replication. Hence, 3D printing technology holds immense potential in auricle reconstruction. In contrast to conventional 3D printing technology, 3D bioprinting technology not only enables the simulation of auricular outer shape but also facilitates the precise distribution of cells within the scaffold during fabrication by incorporating cells into bioink. This approach mimics the composition and structure of natural tissues, thereby favoring the construction of biologically active auricular tissues and enhancing tissue repair outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: 3D bioprinting technology enables the reconstruction of auricular tissues, avoiding potential complications associated with traditional autologous cartilage grafting. The primary challenge in current research lies in identifying bioinks that meet both the mechanical requirements of complex tissues and biological criteria.
UNASSIGNED: 对3D生物打印技术在耳廓修复重建方面的应用研究进展作一综述。.
UNASSIGNED: 广泛查阅近年来国内外3D打印与耳廓修复重建相关研究文献，对3D生物打印技术概念及其在耳廓修复重建中的应用研究进展进行总结。.
UNASSIGNED: 耳廓具有复杂解剖结构和功能，需要精确的组织重建和形态复制，因此 3D打印技术在耳廓修复重建方面具有巨大应用潜力。与传统3D打印技术相比，3D生物打印技术不仅能模拟耳廓外形结构，还能将细胞与材料混合打印，在支架成型过程中实现细胞在支架内部精准分布，模拟天然组织组成及结构，更有利于构建具有生物活性功能的耳廓组织，从而提高修复效果。.
UNASSIGNED: 3D生物打印技术可以重建耳廓组织，能避免传统自体软骨移植相关并发症，寻找既符合耳廓组织机械性要求，又符合生物要求的生物墨水是目前研究的主要挑战。.

Body core temperature (Tc) monitoring is crucial for minimizing heat injury risk. However, validated strategies are invasive and expensive. Although promising, aural canal temperature (Tac) is susceptible to environmental influences. This study investigated whether incorporation of external auricle temperature (Tea) into an ear-based Tc algorithm enhances its accuracy during multiple heat stress conditions. Twenty males (mean ± SD; age = 25 ± 3 years, BMI = 21.7 ± 1.8, body fat = 12 ± 3%, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) = 64 ± 7 ml/kg/min) donned an ear-based wearable and performed a passive heating (PAH), running (RUN) and brisk walking trial (WALK). PAH comprised of immersion in hot water (42.0 ± 0.3 °C). RUN (70 ± 3%VO2max) and WALK (50 ± 10%VO2max) were conducted in an environmental chamber (Tdb = 30.0 ± 0.2 °C, RH = 71 ± 2%). Several Tc models, developed using Tac, Tea and heart rate, were validated against gastrointestinal temperature. Inclusion of Tea as a model input improved the accuracy of the ear-based Tc algorithm. Our best performing model (Trf3) displayed good group prediction errors (mean bias error = - 0.02 ± 0.26 °C) but exhibited individual prediction errors (percentage target attainment ± 0.40 °C = 88%) that marginally exceeded our validity criterion. Therefore, Trf3 demonstrates potential utility for group-based Tc monitoring, with additional refinement needed to extend its applicability to personalized heat strain monitoring.

Measurement of auricle parameters for planning and post-operative evaluation presents substantial challenges due to the complex 3D structure of the human auricle. Traditional measurement methods rely on manual techniques, resulting in limited precision. This study introduces a novel automated surface-based three-dimensional measurement method for quantifying human auricle parameters. The method was applied to virtual auricles reconstructed from Computed Tomography (CT) scans of a cadaver head and subsequent measurement of important clinically relevant aesthetical auricular parameters (length, width, protrusion, position, auriculocephalic angle, and inclination angle). Reference measurements were done manually (using a caliper and using a 3D landmarking method) and measurement precision was compared to the automated method. The CT scans were performed using both a contemporary high-end and a low-end CT scanner. Scans were conducted at a standard scanning dose, and at half the dose. The automatic method demonstrated significantly higher precision in measuring auricle parameters compared to manual methods. Compared to traditional manual measurements, precision improved for auricle length (9×), width (5×), protrusion (5×), Auriculocephalic Angle (5-54×) and posteroanterior position (23×). Concerning parameters without comparison with a manual method, the precision level of supero-inferior position was 0.489 mm; and the precisions of the inclination angle measurements were 1.365 mm and 0.237 mm for the two automated methods investigated. Improved precision of measuring auricle parameters was associated with using the high-end scanner. A higher dose was only associated with a higher precision for the left auricle length. The findings of this study emphasize the advantage of automated surface-based auricle measurements, showcasing improved precision compared to traditional methods. This novel algorithm has the potential to enhance auricle reconstruction and other applications in plastic surgery, offering a promising avenue for future research and clinical application.

Auricular chondritis of unknown cause was suspected in a 10-year-old male Bolognese dog with a five-month history of painful bilateral nodular and ulcerative pyogranulomatous dermatitis of the pinnae with putative auricular cartilage destruction. Pain and lesions resolved with immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone, yet the condition resulted in deformity of both pinnae and external canals.
怀疑一只10岁的雄性波伦亚犬患有不明原因的耳廓软骨炎，该犬有5个月的双侧耳廓结节性和溃疡性脓性肉芽肿性皮炎病史，并假定耳廓软骨破坏。使用免疫抑制剂量的泼尼松缓解疼痛和病变，但病因导致耳廓和外耳道畸形。.
Une chondrite auriculaire d’étiologie inconnue est suspectée chez un bichon bolonais mâle de 10 ans qui présente depuis 5 mois une dermatite pyogranulomateuse nodulaire et ulcéreuse bilatérale douloureuse du pavillon de l\'oreille avec une destruction présumée du cartilage auriculaire. La douleur et les lésions disparaissent avec des doses immunosuppressives de prednisolone, mais l\'affection entraîne une déformation des deux pavillons et des conduits auriculaires externes.
Bei einem 10 Jahre alten männlichen Bologneser mit einer 5 Monate lang andauernden Anamnese einer schmerzhaften bilateralen nodulären und ulzerativen pyogranulomatösen Dermatitis der Pinnae mit vermeintlicher aurikulärer Knorpeldestruktion unbekannter Ursache wurde eine aurikuläre Chondritis vermutet. Die Schmerzen und die Veränderungen verschwanden mit immunsuppressiven Dosen von Prednisolon, aber die Ätiologie verursachte dennoch eine Deformierung beider Pinnae und der äußeren Gehörkanäle.
耳介軟骨の破壊を伴う有痛性の両側結節性および潰瘍性肉芽腫性皮膚炎を5ヵ月間認めた10歳の雄のボロニーズ犬において、原因不明の耳介軟骨炎が疑われた。痛みや病変は免疫抑制量のプレドニゾロン投与で消失したが、病因は両側耳介および外耳道の変形であった。.
Suspeitou‐se de condrite auricular de causa desconhecida em um cão macho Bolonhês de 10 anos de idade com um histórico de cinco meses de dermatite piogranulomatosa ulcerativa e nodular bilateral no pavilhão auricular com suposta destruição de cartilagem auricular. A dor e as lesões resolveram com doses imunossupressoras de prednisolona apesar de a etiologia ter resultado na deformidade de ambas as orelhas e condutos auditivos.
Se sospechó la existencia de una condritis auricular de causa desconocida en un perro boloñés de 10 años con historia de 5 meses de duración de una dermatitis nodular ulcerativa piogramulomatosa y bilateral en las orejas con posible destrucción del cartílago auricular. El dolor y las lesiones se resolvieron con dosis inmunosupresoras de prednisolona pero la enfermedad produjo deformación de ambas orejas y de los canales auriculares externos.

Numerical simulations of head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) conventionally assume a rigid boundary condition for the pinna. The human pinna, however, is an elastic deformable body that can vibrate due to incident acoustic waves. This work investigates how sound-induced vibrations of the pinna can affect simulated HRTF magnitudes. The work will motivate the research question by measuring the sound-induced vibrational patterns of an artificial pinna with a high-speed holographic interferometric system. Then, finite element simulations are used to determine HRTFs for a tabletop model of the B&K 5128 head and torso simulator for a number of directions. Two scenarios are explored: one where the pinna is modeled as perfectly rigid, and another where the pinna is modeled as linear elastic with material properties close to that of auricular cartilage. The findings suggest that pinna vibrations have negligible effects on HRTF magnitudes up to 5 kHz. The same conclusion, albeit with less certainty, is drawn for higher frequencies. Finally, the importance of the elastic domain\'s material properties is emphasized and possible implications for validation studies on dummy heads 1as well as the limitations of the present work are discussed in detail.

BACKGROUND: As a rare auricular deformity, despite numerous surgical procedures for correcting moderate-to-severe question mark ears described in past studies, there remains a need to explore a more cost-effective approach. The optimal utilization of ear cartilage and surrounding skin while achieving superior outcomes continues to pose a significant challenge.
METHODS: From 2018 to 2023, twenty-four patients with unilateral question mark ear were enrolled in this study. Seven of them were severe type deformities (absence of lower part of auricle), and seventeen were moderate (only cleft between helix and lobule). All patients were treated with new method using local cartilage and flap without damage in unaffected area.
RESULTS: All patients were satisfied with significant improvement of question mark ear and the overall symmetrical appearance. The surgical scar was not obvious. No complications were observed. The follow-up period revealed that the corrective procedure kept producing the symmetrical and cosmetic results.
CONCLUSIONS: Our new method enables optimal utilization of deformed tissue and surrounding skin, rendering this method effective and reliable for correcting moderate-to-severe question mark ears.
METHODS: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

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OBJECTIVE: After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Understand principles of preoperative planning for microtia repair. 2. Understand key techniques for flap design, skin envelope dissection, framework creation, and donor-site reconstruction. 3. Describe important components of postoperative management.
CONCLUSIONS: Total auricular construction remains a challenge for reconstructive surgeons. This article describes current surgical strategies and advancements for microtia construction. The authors\' focus is to describe the several keys for success that are useful for young surgeons who wish to train themselves to create satisfactory results.

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