背景:阿片类药物死亡的流行增加促使政策限制在北美获得处方阿片类药物。因此,非处方阿片类药物洛哌丁胺(ImodiumA-D)和mitragynine,kratom中的草药成分,越来越多地用于避免戒断或引起兴奋。与这些非计划药物相关的心律失常事件尚未得到系统研究。
目的:在本研究中,我们试图探索北美阿片类药物相关心律失常的报告.
方法:美国食品和药物管理局不良事件报告系统(FAERS),食品安全和应用营养中心不良事件报告系统(CAERS),并检索了加拿大警惕不良反应(CVAR)数据库(2015-2021年)。涉及非处方药的报告(洛哌丁胺,mitragynine)和苯乙氧基化物/阿托品(Lomotil)被鉴定。美沙酮,处方阿片类药物(完全激动剂),由于其已确定的心律失常风险,因此用作阳性对照。丁丙诺啡(部分激动剂)和纳曲酮(纯拮抗剂),作为阴性对照。根据监管活动医学词典术语对报告进行分类。重大不成比例报告要求比例报告比率(PRR)≥2,≥3例,卡方≥4。主要分析使用FAERS数据,而CAERS和CVAR数据是确证的。
结果:美沙酮与室性心律失常报告不成比例地相关(PRR:6.6;95%CI:6.2-7.0;n=1,163;卡方=5,456),包括852人(73%)死亡。洛哌丁胺也与心律失常显著相关(PRR:3.2;95%CI:3.0-3.4;n=1,008;卡方=1,537),包括371例(37%)死亡。Mitragynine表现出最高的信号(PRR:8.9;95%CI:6.7-11.7;n=46;卡方=315),42人(91%)死亡。丁丙诺啡,苯乙氧基化物,纳曲酮与心律失常无关。CVAR和CAERS的信号相似。
结论:在北美,非处方药洛哌丁胺和米拉吉宁与危及生命的室性心律失常的不成比例的报告有关。
Epidemic increases in opioid deaths prompted policies limiting access to prescription opioids in North America. Consequently, the over-the-counter opioids loperamide (Imodium A-D) and mitragynine, the herbal ingredient in kratom, are increasingly used to avert withdrawal or induce euphoria. Arrhythmia events related to these nonscheduled drugs have not been systematically studied.
In this study, we sought to explore opioid-associated arrhythmia reporting in North America.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS), and Canada Vigilance Adverse Reaction (CVAR) databases were searched (2015-2021). Reports involving nonprescription drugs (loperamide, mitragynine) and
diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) were identified. Methadone, a prescription opioid (full agonist), served as a positive control owing to its established arrhythmia risk. Buprenorphine (partial agonist) and naltrexone (pure antagonist), served as negative controls. Reports were classified according to Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities terminology. Significant disproportionate reporting required a proportional reporting ratio (PRR) of ≥2, ≥3 cases, and chi-square ≥4. Primary analysis used FAERS data, whereas CAERS and CVAR data were confirmatory.
Methadone was disproportionately associated with ventricular arrhythmia reports (PRR: 6.6; 95% CI: 6.2-7.0; n = 1,163; chi-square = 5,456), including 852 (73%) fatalities. Loperamide was also significantly associated with arrhythmia (PRR: 3.2; 95% CI: 3.0-3.4; n = 1,008; chi-square = 1,537), including 371 (37%) deaths. Mitragynine demonstrated the highest signal (PRR: 8.9; 95% CI: 6.7-11.7; n = 46; chi-square = 315), with 42 (91%) deaths. Buprenorphine,
diphenoxylate, and naltrexone were not associated with arrhythmia. Signals were similar in CVAR and CAERS.
The nonprescription drugs loperamide and mitragynine are associated with disproportionate reports of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia in North America.