BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that inflammatory and antioxidant dietary patterns can modify the risk of COPD, yet few studies have examined the association of these diets with its early signs (PRISm), and the potential role of metabolic disorders remains to be elucidated.
METHODS: Data from 9529 individuals who participated in the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. The Dietary Inflammation Index (DII) and the Dietary Antioxidant Composite Index (CDAI) were assessed using 24-h dietary recall, multiple metabolic indicators were calculated according to biochemical markers, and lung function parameters defined PRISm cases. Individual and joint effects of DII and CDAI were evaluated by generalized linear models and binary logistic regression models, and mediation effects of metabolic indicators were further explored by causal mediation analysis.
RESULTS: Increased DII was associated with decreased lung function (FEV1: β = -18.82, FVC: β = -29.2; OR = 1.04) and increased metabolic indicators (β = 0.316, 0.036, 0.916, 0.033, and 0.145 on MAP, UA, TC, TyG, and MS, respectively). Contrary to this, CDAI were positively and negatively associated with lung function (FEV1: β = 3.42; FVC: β = 4.91; PRISm: OR = 0.99) and metabolic indicators (β < 0), respectively. Joint effects of DII and CDAI indicated the minimal hazard effects of DII on TyG (β = -0.11), FEV1 (β = 72.62), FVC (β = 122.27), and PRISm (OR = 0.79) in subjects with high CDAI when compared with those with low CDAI (low DII + high CDAI vs. high DII + low CDAI). Furthermore, TyG mediated 13.74 %, 8.29 %, and 21.70 % of DII- and 37.30 %, 20.90 %, and 12.32 % of CDAI-FEV1, -FVC, and -PRISm associations, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that CDAI can attenuate the adverse effects of DII on metabolic disorders and lung function decline, which provides new insight for diet modification in preventing early lung dysfunction.

The prevalence of obesity has been increasing in the US. Among the multifactorial contributors to obesity, dietary factors stand out as primary drivers. Using data from NHANES, we investigated the trends and disparities in diet quality and nutrient intake among US adults with different bodyweight statuses. Participants were divided into normal weight, overweight, and obese groups based on BMI. Diet quality was examined using HEI-2020. Nutrient intake was estimated based on the USDA Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies. From 1999 to 2020, Despite an overall improvement in diet quality among overweight and obese US adults, disparities persisted for most HEI-2020 components, and worsened for whole grains, seafood and plant proteins, and fatty acids between normal weight and obese participants. Overweight and obese participants tended to consume less energy from total carbohydrates and more from total fat. The estimated total energy intake increased among obese participants over the past two decades, while no significant changes were observed among normal weight and overweight participants. In the 2017-2020 period, obese participants had lower HEI-2020 scores than both normal weight and overweight participants. However, no significant differences in total energy intake were observed among normal weight, overweight, and obese populations.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the independent and joint associations of oral microbiome diversity and diet quality with risks of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
METHODS: We included 7,055 eligible adults from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Oral microbiome diversity was measured with α-diversity, including the Simpson Index, observed amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), Faith\'s phylogenetic diversity, and Shannon-Weiner index. Dietary quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015). Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess the corresponding associations.
RESULTS: During a mean follow-up of 9.0 years, we documented 382 all-cause deaths. We observed independent associations of oral microbiome diversity indices and dietary quality with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49-0.82 for observed ASVs; HR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.52-0.89 for HEI-2015). Jointly, participants with the highest tertiles of both oral microbiome diversity (in Simpson index) and HEI-2015 had the lowest hazard of mortality (HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.23-0.60). In addition, higher oral microbiome diversity was associated with lower risks of deaths from cardiometabolic disease and cancer.
CONCLUSIONS: Higher oral microbiome α-diversity and diet quality were independently associated with lower risk of mortality.

OBJECTIVE: Diet-related disease is rising, disproportionately affecting minority communities in which small food retail stores swamp supermarkets. Barriers to healthy food access were exacerbated by the pandemic. We examined the following: (1) individual- and household-level factors in a sample of Baltimore community members who regularly shop at corner stores and (2) how these factors are associated with indicators of dietary quality.
METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected using an online survey to capture sociodemographics, anthropometrics, and food sourcing, spending, and consumption patterns. Concurrent quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted in Stata 18 and ATLAS.ti.
METHODS: This study was set in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
METHODS: The participants included adults (n = 127) living or working in Baltimore who identified as regular customers of their neighborhood corner store.
RESULTS: The respondents were majority Black and low-income, with a high prevalence of food insecurity (62.2%) and overweight/obesity (66.9%). Most (82.76%) shopped in their neighborhood corner store weekly. One-third (33.4%) of beverage calories were attributed to sugar-sweetened beverages, and few met the recommended servings for fruits and vegetables or fiber (27.2% and 10.4%, respectively). Being Black and not owning a home were associated with lower beverage and fiber intake, and not owning a home was also associated with lower fruit and vegetable intake. Food insecurity was associated with higher beverage intake, while WIC enrollment was associated with higher fruit and vegetable and fiber intakes. Open-ended responses contextualized post-pandemic food sourcing and consumption in this setting.
CONCLUSIONS: This paper helps characterize the consumers of a complex urban food system. The findings will inform future strategies for consumer-engaged improvement of local food environments.

Few young Japanese adults regularly consume a well-balanced diet composed of staples, main courses, and sides. We hypothesised that adopting the recommended planetary health diet with regular breakfast consumption would promote well-balanced diets among young Japanese male undergraduates. This study aimed to examine the structural association between the planetary health diet with regular breakfast consumption and a well-balanced diet intake. This cross-sectional study included 142 male engineering undergraduates who completed a 2022 online questionnaire via Google Forms at a public university in Hyogo Prefecture. The planetary health diet comprises the consumption of the recommended eight items. A covariance structure analysis was performed in a hypothetical model with factors (regular breakfast consumption and eight items) potentially associated with the intake of a well-balanced diet at least twice daily. After excluding chicken dishes and nuts from the eight recommended items of the planetary health diet, goodness-of-fit became acceptable. Frequent consumption of the remaining six recommended items (fish, eggs, soybeans/soybean products, dairy foods, vegetables, and fruits) was significantly positively correlated with regular breakfast consumption and a significant positive path to a well-balanced diet. Among male university students, regular breakfast consumption and the planetary health diet may lead to a well-balanced diet.

BACKGROUND: Due to cognitive impairments, people with dementia (PWD) often have difficulties in eating and drinking. This study aimed to assess the nutritional status, dietary quality and eating disturbance issues among PWD in Vietnam.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study at the Vietnamese National Geriatric Hospital from April to December 2022. We used Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE) to classify the severity levels of dementia. Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), 24-hour recall, eating disturbance questionnaires, and anthropometric indicators were used to evaluate the nutritional status, dietary quality, and eating disorders of study subjects.
RESULTS: Overall, among 63 study participants, 74.6 per cent of PWD were at risk of or having malnutrition. By dementia classification according to MMSE scale, people with moderate and severe dementia accounted for 53.3 per cent of those who met the recommended energy levels, compared to 42.4 per cent of people with mild dementia and normal people. In the above two groups, around three per cent of participants reached the recommended amount of fibre. Calcium (50-70%), vitamin A (80-90%), and D (90%) were found to be the most severe deficiency forms of minerals and vitamins in both male and female participants. The majority of participants (90.5%) had at least one form of eating disorders with the most frequent issue being appetite changes (76.2%) and swallowing issues (50.8%).
CONCLUSIONS: PWD in our sample frequently experienced malnutrition, a lack of essential nutrients, difficulties swallowing, changes in eating habits and appetite. It is neccesary to early screen and assess nutritional status and swallowing disturbance in PWD, and instruct their caregivers to prepare nutritious meals for them.

BACKGROUND: Poor dietary quality is a risk factor for diet-related chronic disease and suboptimal nutritional patterns often begin early in the life course. Although the dietary intakes of young children, adolescents, and middle-aged and older adults are well established, much less is known about emerging adults, who represent a unique time point in life, as they are undergoing significant changes in food environments, autonomy, finances, and caregiver and parental involvement.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to examine dietary quality, as assessed via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), by demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related characteristics among emerging adults (18-23 y) in the United States who participated in the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).
METHODS: NHANES data were collected via a household interview and 2 24-h dietary recalls (24HR). Usual dietary intakes from the 24HRs were approximated using the multivariate National Cancer Institute Method to compute mean HEI-2015 overall and component scores (range: 0-100; higher scores indicating higher dietary quality).
RESULTS: Overall dietary quality among emerging adults (HEI-2015: 50.3 ± 1.3) was significantly lower than other adults (≥24 y) (HEI-2015: 56.3 ± 0.5; P < 0.0001) in the United States, with differences primarily driven by lower intakes of whole fruit, vegetables, and whole grains and higher intakes of sodium, refined grains, and saturated fat. Few differences in HEI-2015 scores were noted across population subgroups by sex, food security, family income, and food assistance program participation, except for added sugar; intakes of added sugar were significantly higher among women, food insecure, and food assistance program participants than those in their counterparts, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: Dietary quality is poor among emerging adults in the United States and persists across all population subgroups, suggesting a significant need for tailored public health interventions to improve dietary quality among this population. Future research investigating to what extent emerging adults prioritize healthful behaviors and exploring other indicators for identifying nutritionally vulnerable subgroups may be impactful for identifying disparities among this life stage.

The association between dietary quality and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on the Chinese Dietary Balance Index (DBI-16) is seldom reported. We hypothesized that poor dietary quality might increase the risk of T2DM in the middle-aged and older populations. A total of 1816 individuals (≥50 years) were included in the study. Demographic characteristics and dietary intake data were collected. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were conducted to explore the association between DBI-16 indexes and the risk of T2DM. The insufficient intake of vegetables and dairy might decrease the risk of T2DM (ORVegetable = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.60-0.97; ORDairy = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35-0.96), but the individuals with insufficient intake of fruit were more likely to have a higher risk of T2DM (ORfruit = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.69-3.06). Compared with the subjects with the lowest quartile of Low Bound Score (LBS) or Diet Quality Distance (DQD), the individuals with Q2 and Q3 level of LBS (ORQ2 = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.03-1.90, P = .033; ORQ3 = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.11-2.08, P < .01) or DQD (ORQ2 = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.06-1.99, P = .021; ORQ3 = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.20-2.24, P < .01) showed increased risk of T2DM with a nonlinear association observed by RCS analysis. We concluded that imbalanced dietary intake, especially insufficient daily fruit intake, might predict an increased risk of T2DM in the middle-aged and elderly Chinese.

The success of conservation programs for the taruka (Hippocamelus antisensis d\'Orbigny), an endemic and endangered deer, depends on many factors, highlighting anthropogenic and ecological effects. Among the latter, how this herbivore interacts with forage resources is important. The objective of the study was to describe the main attributes of the diet of this deer in rangelands adjacent to agricultural areas of the foothills of the Tarapacá Region, Chile. The botanical composition of the diet (BCD) was determined by microhistology of feces and fecal nitrogen (NF, %) was measured in two contrasting seasons (rainy summer and dry winter). From the BCD and FN, their relative diversity (J) and crude protein percentage were estimated. In the BCD, Medicago sativa dominated (27.6 ± 8.2% vs. 53.9 ± 9.2%, in rainy summer and dry end winter, respectively), followed by herbaceous dicots (46.2 ± 9.4% vs. 19.4 ± 8.7%) and shrubby species (21.5 ± 7.8% vs. 23.4 ± 7.0%), from rangelands. The contribution of grasses and graminoid species was low, not exceeding 3% and 0.4% of the diet, respectively, with no differences between seasons of the year. Intake of horticultural crop species was marginal (1.3 ± 1.3%), being detected only in the wet season. Diet relative diversity was higher during the wet period (0.75 ± 0.07) compared to the dry period (0.58 ± 0.06), since in the first period it was possible to find a greater number of palatable species. There were no significant differences in the FN attributed to the time of the year (average of 1.8 ± 0.19%), which indicates that the diet of this deer would be stable in terms of its protein quality. These FN levels estimate sufficient dietary protein content to satisfy maintenance and early pregnancy, but these could be limiting during late gestation and lactation.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the situation of women's dietary quality during pregnancy and explore the correlations between maternal dietary index and fetal immune function.
METHODS: From September 2010 to February 2011, pregnant women who had routine physical examination in Yuexiu District and Baiyun District Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangzhou were recruited as study objects to use 3-day 24-hour dietary review to investigate diet during pregnancy, and general demographic information of pregnant women was collected through questionnaire, and the neonatal umbilical cord blood was collected during delivery. Laboratory detection of immunological indicators included IgG, IgA, IgM, IFN-γ and IL-6. The quality of diet during pregnancy was evaluated by diet quality index for pregnancy(DQI-P), dietary balance index for pregnancy(DBI-P) and alternate Medierranean diet score(aMED). Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to explore the correlations between dietary quality during pregnancy and fetal immune function.
RESULTS: The mean score of total DQI-P score of the study subjects was 55.8±10.0, and the mean score of overall food diversity and protein food source diversity was as high as 12.0±2.4 and 4.8±0.7. The mean score of nutrient energy ratio and fatty acid energy ratio was only 0.3±1.0 and 0.4±1.0, indicating that the population had good dietary diversity during pregnancy, but the dietary adequacy, suitability and balance were poor. The total score of DBI-P score was-19.2±9.4. The positive end score was 4.6±2.9, only 7.2% of the subjects had a high degree of dietary intake during pregnancy. The negative end score was 23.9±7.9, indicating the status of moderate dietary intake. Dietary quality was 28.5±7.1. Only 0.6% of the study population had a balanced dietary situation, and more than 67.9% of pregnant women had high intake imbalance. The mean total score of aMED score was 4.9±1.3, and the proportion of the food intake of beans and nuts was less than the median population was 62.5% and 79.1%, respectively, indicating that the food intake of beans and nuts was insufficient in this population. After adjusting for confounding factors such as maternal age, parity, parity, prepregnancy BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, and mode of delivery, multiple linear regression analysis showed DQI-P during pregnancy and negatively with IL-6(β=0.143, β=-0.155, P<0.05). DBI-P was negatively associated with IL-6(β=-0.177, P<0.01) and aMED and IFN-γ(β=-0.161, P<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS: The dietary quality of women in late pregnancy in Guangzhou is low, the dietary structure is unbalanced. Higher dietary quality during pregnancy can promote the development of fetal immune system and improve fetal immune function.