目的:本研究旨在评估和比较吸烟(CS)和加热烟草(HT)对人牙釉质和牙骨质颜色和超微结构特征改变的影响。
背景:根据烟草公司的说法,CS的一种危害较小的替代品是HT产品。然而,缺乏对HT对牙齿结构影响的综合研究。本研究旨在评估和比较CS和HT对人牙釉质和牙骨质颜色和超微结构特征改变的影响。
方法:为正畸治疗目的提取了30颗完整且无龋齿的人类上颌前磨牙,以前消毒过,在研究中使用。标本随机分为6组(n=10),如下:第1组:没有吸烟暴露的牙釉质;第2组:暴露于CS的牙釉质;第3组:暴露于HT的牙釉质;第4组:没有吸烟暴露的牙骨质;第5组:暴露于CS的牙骨质;和第6组:暴露于HT的牙骨质。使用分光光度计进行颜色变化的测量。使用扫描电子显微镜和能量色散X射线光谱法评估了牙釉质和牙骨质的表面变化和矿物组成。使用ANOVA检验和Tukey的事后检验来确定组间的显著差异。
结果:结果表明,CS对牙釉质和牙骨质颜色变化的影响比HT更明显。CS和HT对牙骨质颜色变化的影响比牙釉质更明显。暴露于两种吸烟类型后,釉质和牙骨质的表面形态显示组织学改变。此外,使用CS和HT后,矿物质含量显着降低。CS和HT暴露后钙含量的降低相似。然而,与CS相比,HT导致牙釉质中的磷含量显着降低。同时,牙骨质中的CS暴露导致Ca/P比的降低比HT更显著。
结论:尽管HT对硬牙齿组织的危害似乎比CS低,它并不完全无害。CS导致牙齿牙釉质和牙骨质上更多的颜色变化。两种吸烟方法都会影响牙齿的矿物质含量,CS对根部有显著影响,而HT显著影响牙冠的矿物成分。
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of cigarette smoking (CS) and heated tobacco (HT) on the alteration of color and ultrastructural characteristics of human enamel and cementum.
BACKGROUND: According to tobacco companies, a less harmful substitute for CS is HT products. Nevertheless, comprehensive research on the effects of HT on tooth structures has been lacking. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the impact of CS and HT on the alteration of color and ultrastructural characteristics of human enamel and cementum.
METHODS: Thirty intact and noncarious human maxillary premolars extracted for orthodontic treatment purposes, previously disinfected, were used in the study. The specimens were randomly separated into six groups (n = 10), as follows: Group 1: enamel without smoking exposure; Group 2: enamel exposed to CS; Group 3: enamel exposed to HT; Group 4: cementum without smoking exposure; Group 5: cementum exposed to CS; and Group 6: cementum exposed to HT. The measurement of color change was conducted using a spectrophotometer. The surface alterations and mineral composition of enamel and cementum were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. ANOVA test followed by Tukey\'s post hoc test was used to determine significant differences between groups.
RESULTS: Results showed that CS had a more pronounced effect on enamel and cementum color changes than HT. The impact of CS and HT on color changes was more evident in cementum than in enamel. Surface morphology of enamel and cementum showed alterations in histology following exposure to both smoking types. Moreover, the mineral content experienced a significant reduction after using CS and HT. The reduction in calcium content after CS and HT exposure was similar. However, HT led to a significant decrease in the phosphorus content of enamel when compared with CS. At the same time, CS exposure in cementum resulted in a more significant reduction in Ca/P ratio than HT.
CONCLUSIONS: Although HT may appear to present a lower danger to hard dental tissues than CS, it is not entirely harmless. CS results in more color changes on the enamel and cementum of teeth. Both smoking methods affected the mineral content of teeth, with CS having a significant effect on the roots, while HT significantly affected the crowns\' mineral composition.