This study aimed to develop hydrogel dressings for wound healing composed of gum tragacanth (TG) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) loaded with Graphene oxide (GO) and Cinnamon oil (CMO) using electron beam irradiation. The impact of the preparation conditions and the incorporation of GO and CMO on the characteristic properties of the prepared CMO-(PVA/TG)-GO wound dressings was evaluated. The healing-related characteristics were assessed, including fluid absorption and retention, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), hemolytic assay, and antimicrobial potential. Wound healing efficacy was evaluated using a scratch wound healing assay. FTIR analysis verified the chemical structure, whereas scanning electron microscopy demonstrated an appropriate porosity structure necessary for optimal wound healing. The gel content increases with the initial total polymer concentration and the irradiation dose increases. Higher GO and CMO content improve the gel content and decreases swelling. WVTR decreases with the rise in CMO content. In vitro, cytotoxicity and hemolytic potency assessments confirmed their biocompatibility. The incorporation of GO and CMO enhances the antimicrobial activity and wound-healing capability. Based on the above findings, CMO-(PVA/TG)-GO dressings show promising potential as candidates for wound care.

Aim: The current study aims to develop and optimize microemulsions (ME) through Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach to improve the aqueous solubility and dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug disulfiram (DSF) for repurposing in melanoma and breast cancer therapy. Materials & methods: The ME was formulated using Cinnamon oil & Tween® 80, statistically optimized using a D-optimal mixture design-based QbD approach to develop the best ME with low vesicular size (Zavg) and polydispersity index (PDI). Results: The DSF-loaded optimized stable ME showed enhanced dissolution, in-vitro cytotoxicity and improved cellular uptake in B16F10 and MCF-7 cell lines compared with their unformulated free DSF. Conclusion: Our investigations suggested the potential of the statistically designed DSF-loaded optimized ME for repurposing melanoma and breast cancer therapy.
Identifying new medicinal uses of an existing marketed drug can save both money and time in the process of drug development. From many of the recently reported literature, disulfiram (a drug used for alcoholism) has shown its activity against various cancers, including breast and skin cancer. However, it possesses poor water solubility and absorption, leading to low medicinal activity. The current study aims to develop a novel microemulsion dosage form through a statistical design approach to enhance the solubility, dissolution and anticancer activity for repurposing in melanoma and breast cancer treatment. The novel microemulsion was prepared, statistically analyzed and optimized. The optimized microemulsion was found to be stable and showed improved medicinal activity against breast and skin cancer compared with the pure drug. Our research showed the potential of the developed microemulsion of the disulfiram for its new therapeutic use in skin cancer and breast cancer.

Nowadays, the discovery of alternative natural antimicrobial substances such as bacteriophages, essential oils, and other physical and chemical agents is developing in the food industry. In this study, nine bacteriophages were isolated from various parts of raw chickens and exhibited lytic activities against L. monocytogenes and various Listeria spp. The characterization of phage vB_LmoS-PLM9 was stable at 4 to 50 °C and pH range from 4 to 10. Phage vB_LmoS-PLM9 had a circular, double-stranded genomic DNA with 38,345 bp having endolysin but no antibiotic resistance or virulence genes. Among the eight essential oils tested at 10 %, cinnamon bark, and cassia oils showed the strongest antilisterial activities. The combined use of phage vB_LmoS-PLM9 and cinnamon oils indicated higher efficiency than single treatments. The combination of phage (MOI of 10) and both cinnamon oils (0.03 %) reduced the viable counts of L. monocytogenes and inhibited the regrowth of resistant cell populations in broth at 30 °C. Furthermore, treatment with the combination of phage (MOI of 100) and cinnamon oil (0.125 %) was effective in milk, especially at 4 °C by reducing the viable count to less than lower limit of detection. These results suggest combining phage and cinnamon oil is a potential approach for controlling L. monocytogenes in milk.

UNASSIGNED: Bacillus cereus and Yersinia enterocolitica are implicated in foodborne diseases that have major effects on human health; therefore, it is considered universal public health disorders. Essential oils and essential oils nano emulsions have a sufficient antibacterial performance against a variety of bacteria, especially multi-drug resistant bacteria. Probiotics showed several health benefits via moderating the GIT microbiota and their metabolites.
UNASSIGNED: The study was designed to evaluate the biocontrol ability of cinnamon essential oil (CEO) nano emulsion and probiotics as natural antibacterial additives and reveal their bactericidal mechanism.
UNASSIGNED: 250 random samples (50 raw milk, 50 rice pudding, 50 kariesh cheese, 50 yogurt, and 50 ice cream) were purchased separately from different areas in Mansoura city, Egypt, and exposed to bacteriological analysis.
UNASSIGNED: Bacillus cereus was found with the highest mean value of 66 × 107 ± 1.3 × 108 CFU/g in raw milk and the lowest mean value of 28 × 107 ± 2.6 × 107 CFU/g in kariesh cheese while Y. enterocolitica was found in 64% of the total inspected samples with the highest incidence (84%) in yogurt. The toxinogenic potential of the tested pathogens has been evaluated by multiplex PCR pointing nhe A and ces genes for B. cereus isolates while targeting in Y. enterocolitica 16s rRNA, and YST gene. Different concentrations (0.17%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2%) of cinnamon oil nano emulsion were employed in this study. CEO nano emulsion had the highest reduction rate at a concentration of 1.5% in the case of B. cereus and 2% in the case of Y. enterocolitica. Among different types of probiotics, the best one which showed inhibitory potential against B. cereus and Y. enterocolitica was L. plantarum.
UNASSIGNED: Lactobacillus plantarum and CEO nano emulsion at a concentration of 2% have the highest reduction rate against Y. enterocolitica, while L. plantarum and CEO nano emulsion at a concentration of 1.5% has the best antibacterial effect against B. cereus. In conclusion, more attention is required for both safety and quality in dairy products through the application of natural additives such as essential oils and probiotics.

Studies were carried out to develop eco-friendly Packaging material for the extended shelf-life of food products. The current study sought to improve the coated bioactive film\'s hydrophobicity and antimicrobial properties by preparing active packaging based on biodegradable Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) containing 1 wt% Nanocellulose (NC) and various loadings of essential oil-prepared nanocomposites. Nanocellulose (NC) from Maize Cob was used as filler in the synthesis of nanopolymers enriched with Thyme oil, Cinnamon oil, clove oil, and Rosemary oil. Characterization of nanopolymer-coated bags and their effect on enhancing the shelf-life of food products in different temperature conditions was also studied. The fabricated nanocomposite and nanocellulose were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, Contact angle, TGA, and Tensile mechanical properties. The fabricated nanocomposite-coated paper cum bag shows good hydrophobic properties as well as antimicrobial and insecticidal properties. The results showed that adding essential oils and dispersing nanocellulose to the PLA matrix strengthened its mechanical qualities as well as its efficacy for biodegradation and antimicrobial properties. The current work provides extremely promising materials for future applications in food packaging applications using sustainable nanocomposite-based biodegradable and antimicrobial coated paper cum bags.

This study examined the effects of 2% chitosan (CS) coatings incorporated with varying concentrations of cinnamon oil (CO) (0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) on the extension of the quality and shelf-life of tomatoes stored under ambient conditions. Control samples were untreated and coated with distilled water. All samples were stored for 14 days at 25 ± 1 °C, with quality assessments conducted every two days. The application of CS-CO treatments was notably effective in controlling weight loss (3.91-5.26%) and firmness loss (10.81-16.51 N), sustaining the color index score (11.98-16.78), and stabilizing the total soluble solids (4.64-4.71 brix), titratable acidity (0.374-0.383%), total phenolic content (75.89-81.54 mg/100 g), ascorbic acid concentration (21.64-33.69 mg/100 g), total antioxidant capacity (85.89-91.54%) and pigment levels, particularly chlorophyll (52.80-63.18 mg/100 g), compared to control samples (p < 0.05). Higher CO concentrations (1.0% and 1.5%) in the CS coating maintained a significant level of phytochemicals in the samples compared to the control group, while CS-CO at 0.5% performed similarly in preserving the other physicochemical qualities. Both CS and CS-CO treatments extended the shelf life of the tomatoes up to 14 days (<6.78 log10 CFU/mL), whereas control samples were only viable for storage for 6 days due to higher microbial growth (>7.8 log10 CFU/mL) (p < 0.05). Overall, CS-CO-treated tomatoes demonstrated superior quality preservation and shelf-life enhancement, with a notable improvement in overall qualities as compared to the CS and control samples.

In the present investigation, the effect of cinnamon oil (CO) (10, 30, 50 and 70 %) on the growth rate (mm/day) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) production of Aspergillus flavus (AF01) and Fusarium proliferatum (FP01) isolates, respectively was determined at optimum water activities (0.95 and 0.99 aw) and temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C) on paddy and polished rice grains. The results showed that the growth rate, AFB1 and FB1 production of all the fungal isolates decreased with an increase in CO concentrations on both matrices. AF01 and FP01 failed to grow under all conditions on paddy at 50 % of CO concentration whereas both fungi were completely inhibited (No Growth-NG) at 70 % of CO on polished rice. Regarding mycotoxin production, 30 % of CO concentrations could inhibit AFB1 and FB1 production in both matrices (No Detection-ND). In this study, the production of mycotoxins was significantly influenced by cinnamon oil compared to the growth of both fungi. These results indicated the promising potential of CO in improving the quality of rice preservation in post-harvest; however, further investigations should be evaluated on the effects on the qualitative characteristics of grains. Especially, the prospective application of CO in rice storage in industry scales to mitigate mycotoxin contamination need also to be further researched. Moreover, collaboration between researchers, agricultural experts, and food industry should be set up to achieve effective and sustainable strategies for preserving rice.

The use of nanoemulsions as encapsulation systems for active ingredients, such as cinnamon oil, has been studied. A surfactant based on polyoxyethylene glycerol esters from coconut/palm kernel oil has been used. The nanoemulsions were obtained by the two most commonly low-energy emulsification methods, the composition inversion phase (PIC) and the temperature inversion phase (PIT) methods. Nanoemulsions were successfully obtained by both methods, with very small droplet sizes (5-14 nm) in both cases, but a greater stability was observed when the PIT method was used. Nanoemulsions were encapsulated by external gelation using two different polysaccharides, alginate or chitosan, dissolved in the continuous phase of the nanoemulsion. Then, the nanoemulsion was dropped into a bath with a gelling agent. To improve the release control of cinnamon oil and avoid the burst effect, beads prepared with one of the polysaccharides were coated with the second polysaccharide and then gelled again. Double gelled beads were successfully obtained, the core with chitosan and the outer layer (shell) with alginate. SEM images showed the morphology of the single beads presenting high porosity. When the beads were coated, the porosity decreased because the second polysaccharide molecules covered the pre-existing pores. The smoother surface was obtained when this second layer was, in turn, gelled. The release patterns at pH = 2 and pH = 7 were studied. It was observed that the double gelled bead provided a more gradual release, but maintained approximately the same amount of final released oil. The release patterns were fitted to the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. The fitting parameters reflected the effect of the different coating layers, correlating with different diffusion mechanisms according to the bead core and shell materials.

This study used probiotics and micro-encapsulated clove and cinnamon oils to develop a functional cream-stuffed cake based on sweet potatoes flour and rice flour instead of wheat flour. The cake was evaluated for its physical, chemical, and sensory properties and its antioxidant capacity. The protective effect of the cake against liver injury and immunosuppression induced by thioacetamide injection in male rats was also evaluated. The study found that eugenol and cinnamaldehyde were the majority of volatile compounds in the essential oils used in the cake, with values of 78.73 % and 81.57 %, respectively, as determined by GC-MS analysis. The viable counts of added probiotics in the cake ranged from 13.15 to 11.21 log CFU/g and were still above the threshold for health benefits. The cake had an increased dietary fiber and protein content while containing a low-fat percentage compared to a commercial cake sample. The innovative cake also contained higher levels of water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins and minerals such as iron, calcium, potassium, and zinc. The antioxidant capacity of the cake was evaluated, and it was found to contain 1827.23 mg GAE/100 g of total phenols and 97.13 mg QE/100 g of flavonoids. The cake was also found to have antioxidant activity and was effective in protecting the liver from oxidative stress and inflammation and reducing immunodeficiency associated with liver damage.

The purpose of the current study was to prepare and evaluate a citronella oil-loaded microemulsion-based micro-emulgel for the treatment of Candida albicans. The primary objective was to use the skin to transfer hydrophobic medications into the bloodstream. The formulation included cinnamon oil as an antifungal oil and citronella oil as an active pharmaceutical ingredient, respectively. Tween 80 and PEG 200 were used as the surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively, to create phase diagrams. Carbopol 940, one of the frequently used polymers, was investigated for its ability to prepare gel formulations. The optimized (F3) batch contained the highest percentage (87.05 ± 0.03%) of drug content and, according to the statistics provided, had the highest drug release rate of around 87.05% within 4 h. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model with n value of 0.82, which is in the range 0.5-1, had the highest r2 value, indicating that release following non-Fickian/anomalous diffusion provided a better dimension for all of the formulations. The optimized (F3) formulation had stronger antifungal activity in comparison to other formulations. This leads to the conclusion that citronella oil can be made into a micro-emulgel, which may improve its release in aqueous systems while maintaining a high level of drug release at the target site.