Background: In China, mental health services do not currently meet the needs of bereaved people with symptoms of prolonged grief disorder (PGD). Internet-based grief interventions may help fill this gap, but such programmes have not yet been developed or evaluated in China. The proposed study aims to investigate the effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of an online self-help intervention programme named Healing Grief for bereaved Chinese with prolonged grief, and to explore the psychological mechanisms of potential improvements.Methods: We designed a two-arm randomised controlled trial. At least 128 participants will be randomly assigned to either an Internet-based intervention group or a waitlist-control group. The Internet-based intervention will be developed based on the dual process model, integrating techniques of psychoeducation, behavioural activation, cognitive reappraisal, and meaning reconstruction, and will be delivered via expressive writing. The intervention comprises six modules, with two sessions in each module, and requires participants to complete two sessions per week and complete the intervention in 6 weeks. The primary outcomes include effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility. The effectiveness will be assessed by measures of prolonged grief, posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Acceptability and feasibility will be evaluated using survey and interview on user experience characteristics. Secondary outcomes include moderators and mediators, such as dual process coping, grief rumination, mindfulness, and continuing bond, to explore the psychological mechanisms of potential improvement. Assessments will take place at pre-intervention, post-intervention, and 3-month follow-up.Conclusion: The proposed study will determine the effectiveness, acceptability, and feasibility of the newly developed online self-help intervention for bereaved Chinese with prolonged grief and clarify how the intervention helps with symptom improvements. Such an intervention may play an important role in easing the imbalance between the delivery and receipt of bereavement psychological services in China.
In China, mental health services are not widely available for bereaved people.The proposed study will be the first one to develop and evaluate an Internet-based self-help grief intervention for bereaved Chinese with prolonged grief.The proposed study will determine whether and how the intervention helps to improve the mental health of bereaved Chinese with prolonged grief.

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Asian countries is thought to be lower than in Western countries, with Asian populations presenting 80% less risk of MS than white populations. Incidence and prevalence rates in Asian countries are therefore not well defined and their association with rates in neighboring countries, as well as with ethnic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, are not well understood. We performed a comprehensive literature review of epidemiological data from China and neighbouring countries to study the frequency of the disease, focusing on prevalence, and the progression over time and the influence of sex-related, environmental, dietary, and sociocultural factors. Prevalence rates in China range between 0.88 cases/100,000 population in 1986 and 5.2 cases/100,000 population in 2013, with a non-significant upwards trend (p = .08). The increase observed in Japan, where figures ranged between 8.1 and 18.6 cases/100,000 population was highly significant (p < .001). Prevalence rates in countries with predominantly white populations are considerably higher and have increased over time, reaching 115 cases/100,000 population in 2015 (r2 = 0.79, p < .0001). In conclusion, the prevalence of MS in China appears to have risen in recent years, although Asian populations (including Chinese and Japanese populations, among others) appear to present less risk than other populations. Within Asia, geographical latitude appears not to be a determining factor for developing MS.

The prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Asian countries is thought to be lower than in Western countries, with Asian populations presenting 80% less risk of MS than white populations. Incidence and prevalence rates in Asian countries are therefore not well defined and their association with rates in neighboring countries, as well as with ethnic, environmental, and socioeconomic factors, are not well understood. We performed a comprehensive literature review of epidemiological data from China and neighbouring countries to study the frequency of the disease, focusing on prevalence, and the progression over time and the influence of sex-related, environmental, dietary, and sociocultural factors. Prevalence rates in China range between 0.88 cases/100,000 population in 1986 and 5.2 cases/100,000 population in 2013, with a non-significant upwards trend (p = .08). The increase observed in Japan, where figures ranged between 8.1 and 18.6 cases/100,000 population was highly significant (p < .001). Prevalence rates in countries with predominantly white populations are considerably higher and have increased over time, reaching 115 cases/100,000 population in 2015 (r2 = 0.79, p < .0001). In conclusion, the prevalence of MS in China appears to have risen in recent years, although Asian populations (including Chinese and Japanese populations, among others) appear to present less risk than other populations. Within Asia, geographical latitude appears not to be a determining factor for developing MS.

Background: Two stress-related disorders have been proposed for inclusion in the revised ICD-11: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Complex PTSD (CPTSD). The International Trauma Questionnaire (ITQ) is a bespoke measure of PTSD and CPTSD and has been widely used in English-speaking countries. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to develop a Chinese version of the ITQ and assess its content, construct, and concurrent validity. Methods: Six mental health practitioners and experts rated the Chinese translated and back-translated items to assess content validity. A sample of 423 Chinese young adults completed the ITQ, the WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Among them, 31 participants also completed the English and Chinese versions of the ITQ administered in random order at retest. Four alternative confirmatory factor analysis models were tested using data from participants who reported at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE; N = 314). Results: The Chinese ITQ received excellent ratings on relevance and appropriateness. Test-retest reliability and semantic equivalence across English and Chinese versions were acceptable. The correlated first-order six-factor model and a second-order two-factor (PTSD and DSO) both provided an acceptable model fit. The six ITQ symptoms clusters were all significantly correlated with anxiety, depression, and the number of ACEs. Conclusions: The Chinese ITQ generates scores with acceptable psychometric properties and provides evidence for including PTSD and CPTSD as separate diagnoses in ICD-11.
Antecedentes: Dos trastornos relacionados con estrés han sido propuestos para su inclusión en la CIE-11 revisada: Trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) y TEPT complejo (TEPTC). El Cuestionario Internacional de Trauma (CIT) esta diseñado para medir TEPT y TEPTC, y ha sido utilizado ampliamente en los países de habla inglesa. Objetivo. El objetivo principal de este estudio fue desarrollar una versión china del CIT y evaluar su validez concurrente, de contenido y constructo.Método: Seis profesionales de salud mental y expertos calificaron los items traducidos al chino y retraducidos para evaluar la validez de contenido. Una muestra de 423 adultos jóvenes chinos completó el CIT, el Cuestionario Internacional de Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia de la OMS y la Escala de Ansiedad y Depresión Hospitalaria. Entre ellos, 31 participantes también completaron las versiones en inglés y chino del CIT administrado en orden aleatorio al realizar la prueba nuevamente. Se probaron cuatro modelos confirmatorios alternativos de análisis factorial utilizando datos de los participantes que informaron al menos una experiencia adversa en la infancia (EAI; N = 314).Resultados: El CIT chino recibió calificaciones excelentes en relevancia y pertinencia. La fiabilidad test-retest y la equivalencia semántica entre las versiones en inglés y chino fue aceptable. El modelo de seis factores de primer orden correlacionado y uno de dos factores de segundo orden (TEPT y DSO) proporcionaron un ajuste aceptable. Los seis grupos de síntomas de CIT se correlacionaron significativamente con ansiedad, depresión y número de EAI.Conclusiones: El CIT chino genera cifras con propiedades psicométricas aceptables y proporciona evidencia para incluir el TEPT y el TEPTC como diagnósticos separados en la CIE-11.
背景：两种与压力有关的疾病包括在修订的ICD-11中：创伤后应激障碍 (PTSD) 和复杂PTSD (CPTSD)。国际创伤问卷 (ITQ) 是PTSD和CPTSD的衡量标准，并已广泛应用于英语国家。目的：本研究的主要目的是开发中文版的ITQ并评估其内容、结构和共时效度。方法：六名心理健康从业者和专家对中文翻译和反译题目的内容效度进行了评估。423名中国年轻成人样本完成了ITQ，WHO负性童年经历国际问卷，以及医院焦虑和抑郁量表。其中，31名被试在重测中以随机排序完成了ITQ的英文和中文版本。根据报告了至少一种负性童年经历的数据 (ACE; N = 314)。考察了四种备选的验证性因子分析模型。结果：中文ITQ在相关性和适当性方面获得了极好的评价。中英文版本的重测信度和语义等效性是可以接受的。相关的一阶六因子模型和二阶二因子 (PTSD和DSO) 都提供了可接受的模型拟合。六个ITQ症状簇都与焦虑、抑郁和ACE数量显著相关。结论：中文ITQ生成具有可接受的心理测量属性的分数，并提供将PTSD和CPTSD纳入ICD-11中的进行单独诊断的支持证据。.

Rates of international migration are increasing, which raises the question of how migration might influence couple relationship standards and impact on the standards of migrants forming intercultural relationships. We compared relationship standards in n = 286 Chinese living in Hong Kong, China, with standards in n = 401 Chinese migrants to a Western country (Australia) by administering the Chinese-Western Intercultural Couple Standards Scale (CWICSS). We also compared these two groups to n = 312 Westerners living in Australia. We first tested the structural invariance of the CWICSS across the three samples with a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. There was marginal but acceptable fit of a model of two positively correlated latent factors: Couple Bond (with four indicators, such as demonstration of love and caring) and Family Responsibility (also with four indicators, such as extended family relations and preserving face). Within the limitations of the study, results suggest migration is associated predominantly with differences in women\'s, but not men\'s, relationship standards. Migrant Chinese women show alignment of Couple Bond standards with Western standards, and divergence of Family Responsibility standards from Western standards. Discussion focused on how migration and intercultural relationship experiences might differentially influence various domains of relationship standards, gender differences in migration effects on standards, and the implications for working with culturally diverse couples.