类风湿性关节炎(RA)是最常见的复杂多因素关节相关自身免疫性炎症性疾病,病因不明,心血管风险增加。RA的临床特征是滑膜炎症,自身抗体生产,和软骨/骨骼破坏,心血管,肺和骨骼疾病。促炎细胞因子如IL-1、IL-6、IL-8和IL-10负责诱导RA患者的炎症。缺点,如疗效差,更高的剂量,频繁的管理,响应性低,并且较高的成本和严重的副作用与RA治疗的常规剂型有关。纳米药物最近对RA的治疗越来越感兴趣,研究人员还致力于开发各种抗炎药纳米制剂,以帮助主动/被动地靶向发炎部位,从而为RA提供有效的治疗方案。纳米制剂的表面积和纳米级尺寸的改变引起有益的物理和化学性质以获得更好的药理学活性。这些载药纳米制剂可以增强水溶性差的药物的溶解度,提高了生物利用度,提供可靶向性,并可以提高治疗活性。在这个方案中,本综述的重点是新型纳米颗粒制剂(纳米颗粒,纳米乳液,固体脂质纳米粒,纳米胶束,和纳米胶囊)用于治疗RA。最近的进展,如siRNA,还讨论了用于RA治疗的基于肽和靶向的纳米颗粒系统。特别强调了病理生理学,患病率和症状对RA的发展。
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common complex multifactorial joint related autoimmune inflammatory disease with unknown etiology accomplished with increased cardiovascular risks. RA is characterized by the clinical findings of synovial inflammation, autoantibody production, and cartilage/bone destruction, cardiovascular, pulmonary and skeletal disorders. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were responsible for the induction of inflammation in RA patients. Drawbacks such as poor efficacy, higher doses, frequent administration, low responsiveness, and higher cost and serious side effects were associated with the conventional dosage forms for RA treatment. Nanomedicines were recently gaining more interest towards the treatment of RA, and researchers were also focusing towards the development of various anti-inflammatory drug loaded nanoformulations with an aid to both actively/passively targeting the inflamed site to afford an effective treatment regimen for RA. Alterations in the surface area and nanoscale size of the nanoformulations elicit beneficial physical and chemical properties for better pharmacological activities. These drug loaded nanoformulations may enhances the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs, improves the bioavailability, affords targetability and may improve the therapeutic activity. In this regimen, the present review focus towards the novel nanoparticulate formulations (nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanomicelles, and nanocapsules) utilized for the treatment of RA. The recent advancements such as siRNA, peptide and targeted based nanoparticulate systems for RA treatment were also discussed. Special emphasis was provided regarding the pathophysiology, prevalence and symptoms towards the development of RA.