材料科学和工程的最新进展强调了设计具有明确定义的架构和可调谐特性的复杂生物材料对于新兴生物医学应用的重要性。点击化学,一种强大的方法,允许特定和可控的生物正交反应,彻底改变了我们制造具有高度特异性的复杂分子结构的能力,选择性,温和条件下的产量。这些特征与最少的副产物形成相结合,使得能够从快速和通用的点击反应设计宽范围的大分子架构。此外,无铜点击化学导致了范式的改变,允许研究人员在生物环境中进行高度选择性的化学反应,以进一步了解细胞的结构和功能。在生命系统中,将可点击基团引入生物分子如多糖(PSA)已被探索作为进行药物化学的一般方法,并可能有助于解决医疗保健需求。用于化学合成的从头生物合成途径也已被开发和优化以在活细胞内进行基于PSA的生物缀合而不干扰它们的天然过程或功能。这种策略避免了对通常需要大量和耗时的纯化步骤的费力和昂贵的化学反应的需要。使用这些方法,各种基于PSA的大分子已经被制造为用于设计新型生物材料的构件。可点击的PSA为生物材料科学家提供了一个强大而通用的工具箱,并将在生物医学领域发挥越来越重要的作用。具体来说,具有PSA的bioclick反应已被用于设计先进的药物递送系统和微创可注射水凝胶。在这篇评论文章中,我们已经概述了PSA衍生的bioclick反应的关键方面和广度,作为一个强大的和通用的工具箱,设计先进的聚合物生物材料的生物医学应用,如分子成像,药物输送,和组织工程。此外,我们还讨论了过去的成就,目前的发展,以及3D打印等基于PSA的可点击生物材料的最新趋势,以及他们的挑战,临床可翻译性,和未来的前景。
Recent advances in materials science and engineering highlight the importance of designing sophisticated biomaterials with well-defined architectures and tunable properties for emerging biomedical applications. Click chemistry, a powerful method allowing specific and controllable bioorthogonal reactions, has revolutionized our ability to make complex molecular structures with a high level of specificity, selectivity, and yield under mild conditions. These features combined with minimal byproduct formation have enabled the design of a wide range of macromolecular architectures from quick and versatile click reactions. Furthermore, copper-free click chemistry has resulted in a change of paradigm, allowing researchers to perform highly selective chemical reactions in biological environments to further understand the structure and function of cells. In living systems, introducing clickable groups into biomolecules such as polysaccharides (PSA) has been explored as a general approach to conduct medicinal chemistry and potentially help solve healthcare needs. De novo biosynthetic pathways for chemical synthesis have also been exploited and optimized to perform PSA-based bioconjugation inside living cells without interfering with their native processes or functions. This strategy obviates the need for laborious and costly chemical reactions which normally require extensive and time-consuming purification steps. Using these approaches, various PSA-based macromolecules have been manufactured as building blocks for the design of novel biomaterials. Clickable PSA provides a powerful and versatile toolbox for biomaterials scientists and will increasingly play a crucial role in the biomedical field. Specifically, bioclick reactions with PSA have been leveraged for the design of advanced drug delivery systems and minimally invasive injectable hydrogels. In this review article, we have outlined the key aspects and breadth of PSA-derived bioclick reactions as a powerful and versatile toolbox to design advanced polymeric biomaterials for biomedical applications such as molecular imaging, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. Additionally, we have also discussed the past achievements, present developments, and recent trends of clickable PSA-based biomaterials such as 3D printing, as well as their challenges, clinical translatability, and future perspectives.