稀土元素(REE)对先进制造业至关重要(例如,可再生能源,军事装备,电动汽车);因此,从低品位资源中回收稀土对于满足其不断增长的需求变得越来越重要。根据特定的采矿地点,它的地质条件,和社会人口统计背景,采矿废物已被确定为各种浓度和丰度的稀土元素的来源。钇,铈,钕是采矿废物流中最常见的稀土元素(50至300μg/L)。由于减少了对环境的影响,生物质开采已成为稀土元素恢复的可行选择。与传统的回收方法相比,资本投资减少了。本文旨在回顾(I)采矿废物作为低品位稀土资源的特征,(Ii)REEs回收生物采矿技术的关键操作原则,(iii)操作条件和基质对REE回收的影响,和(四)通过生物采矿技术恢复稀土元素的可持续性。在这篇综述中,将研究六种类型的生物采矿:生物浸出,生物武器收集,生物吸附,生物蓄积性,生物沉淀和生物浮选。基于SWOT分析和技术经济评估(TEA),已发现生物采矿技术在从低品位来源中回收稀土元素方面是有效和高效的。通过茶,粉煤灰已被证明是采矿废物流中利润最高的。
Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential for advanced manufacturing (e.g., renewable energy, military equipment, electric vehicles); hence, the recovery of REEs from low-grade resources has become increasingly important to address their growing demand. Depending on specific mining sites, its geological conditions, and sociodemographic backgrounds, mining waste has been identified as a source of REEs in various concentrations and abundance. Yttrium, cerium, and neodymium are the most common REEs in mining waste streams (50 to 300 μg/L).
Biomining has emerged as a viable option for REEs recovery due to its reduced environmental impact, along with reduced capital investment compared to traditional recovery methods. This paper aims to review (i) the characteristics of mining waste as a low-grade REEs resource, (ii) the key operating principles of
biomining technologies for REEs recovery, (iii) the effects of operating conditions and matrix on REEs recovery, and (iv) the sustainability of REEs recovery through
biomining technologies. Six types of
biomining will be examined in this review: bioleaching, bioweathering, biosorption, bioaccumulation, bioprecipitation and bioflotation. Based on a SWOT analyses and techno-economic assessments (TEA),
biomining technologies have been found to be effective and efficient in recovering REEs from low-grade sources. Through TEA, coal ash has been shown to return the highest profit amongst mining waste streams.