头撞是一种好斗的行为,在现存的大角羊(Oviscanadensis)中最普遍地描述和例证。当行为上在灭绝类群中提出时,这些生物经常被描绘成类Ovis,因为它们使用了改良的颅骨结构来相互撞击。头撞的好斗行为假说在脊椎动物化石文献中(不仅在恐龙中)有着悠久而丰富的历史,但是,在陆生脊椎动物化石中,这种行为假设的核心与骨性颅骨穹顶扩大有关,骨性结构基本上没有当前的对应物。文献中发现的一个令人困惑的问题是,虽然“头撞”这个词听起来足够简单,很少有术语被用来描述这种假设的行为。与这个特殊问题有关,潜在的脑外伤和这种提议的肥胖的优点已经在很大程度上通过上覆的骨结构的潜在变形来评估;尽管现有的分类群很容易表明脑损伤可以而且确实可以发生而不会损害骨骼。此外,作为行为对应物进行比较的现存分类单元是至关重要的,不仅是因为它们表现出的好斗行为和形态,还有他们从事这种行为的方式。绵羊(Ovis),Warthogs(Phacochoerus),和野牛(野牛)都从事各种形式的“头撞”,但是颅骨形态和战斗方式明显不同。假设在理论上像现存的对应物一样从事头撞的灭绝生物意味着特定的打击:接触表面,速度,速度,以及整个行动是如何执行的。这篇评论研究了这些圆顶化石类群中头撞行为假说的历史和用法,他们各自现存的行为对应物,并提出了与头撞有关的特定行为术语的协议,以阻止未来的混乱。我们还讨论了化石记录中战斗颅骨结构的不同形态,以及灭绝类群中头撞引起的脑损伤的含义。最后,我们得出的结论是,关于这种行为剧目,对化石类群的艺术重建有一些潜在的影响。
Headbutting is a combative behavior most popularly portrayed and exemplified in the extant bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis). When behaviorally proposed in extinct taxa, these organisms are oft depicted Ovis-like as having used modified cranial structures to combatively slam into one another. The combative behavioral hypothesis of headbutting has a long and rich history in the vertebrate fossil literature (not just within Dinosauria), but the core of this behavioral hypothesis in fossil terrestrial vertebrates is associated with an enlarged osseous cranial dome-an osteological structure with essentially no current counterpart. One confounding issue found in the literature is that while the term \"headbutting\" sounds simplistic enough, little terminology has been used to describe this hypothesized behavior. And pertinent to this special issue, potential brain trauma and the merits of such proposed pugilism have been assessed largely from the potential deformation of the overlying osseous structure; despite the fact that extant taxa readily show that brain damage can and does occur without osteological compromise. Additionally, the extant taxa serving as the behavioral counterpart for comparison are critical, not only because of the combative behaviors and morphologies they display, but also the way they engage in such behavior. Sheep (Ovis), warthogs (Phacochoerus), and bison (Bison) all engage in various forms of \"headbutting\", but the cranial morphologies and the way each engages in combat is markedly different. To hypothesize that an extinct organism engaged in headbutting like an extant counterpart in theory implies specific striking:contacting surfaces, speed, velocity, and overall how that action was executed. This review examines the history and usage of the headbutting behavioral hypothesis in these dome-headed fossil taxa, their respective extant behavioral counterparts, and proposes a protocol for specific behavioral terms relating to headbutting to stem future confusion. We also discuss the disparate morphology of combative cranial structures in the fossil record, and the implications of headbutting-induced brain injury in extinct taxa. Finally, we conclude with some potential implications for artistic reconstructions of fossil taxa regarding this behavioral repertoire.