不适当的抗生素使用不仅会放大抗生素耐药性(AMR)的威胁,此外,还加剧了耐药菌株和基因在环境中的传播,强调了对有效研究和干预的迫切需要。我们的目的是评估德里NCR内各种环境条件下β-内酰胺抗性细菌(BLRB)和β-内酰胺酶抗性细菌基因(BLRBGs)的流行和抗性特征。印度。使用依赖于文化的方法,我们从75个不同的环境样本中分离出130个BLRB,包括湖泊,池塘,亚穆纳河,农业土壤,水生杂草,排水沟,倾倒场,STPS,还有Gaushalas.除了对BLs和整合子基因进行表型和基因型鉴定外,还进行了抗生素敏感性测试。水和沉积物样品记录的平均细菌丰度为3.6×106CFU/mL,平均耐氨苄青霉素细菌数为2.2×106CFU/mL,这可以被认为是BLRB和BLRBGs的有效储层。发现的大多数BLRB是来自芽孢杆菌的机会病原体,气单胞菌,假单胞菌,肠杆菌,埃希氏菌,和克雷伯菌属,与多种β-内酰胺和β-内酰胺酶(BLs)抑制剂组合的多重抗生素耐药性(MAR)指数≥0.2。从STP分离的细菌的抗生素耐药性模式相似。同时,从其他来源分离的细菌在抗生素耐药性方面是多种多样的.有趣的是,我们发现10个不同来源的分离株同时产生扩展谱BLs和MetalloBLs,以及被发现藏有火焰的地方,BlaCTX,blaOXA,blaSHV,int-1和int-3基因。阴沟肠杆菌(S50/A),从Nizamuddin点的Yamuna河沉积物样本中分离出的一种常见的医院病原体,拥有三个BLRBG(blaTEM,BlaCTX,和blaOXA)和MAR指数为1.0,这是令人担忧的主要原因。因此,识别来源,BLRB和BLRGs在环境中的起源和传播对于设计有效的缓解方法以减少环境环境中抗生素耐药性因素的负荷至关重要。
Inappropriate antibiotic use not only amplifies the threat of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), moreover exacerbates the spread of resistant bacterial strains and genes in the environment, underscoring the critical need for effective research and interventions. Our aim is to assess the prevalence and resistance characteristics of β-lactam resistant bacteria (BLRB) and β-lactamase resistant bacterial genes (BLRBGs) under various environmental conditions within Delhi NCR, India. Using a culture-dependent method, we isolated 130 BLRB from 75 different environmental samples, including lakes, ponds, the Yamuna River, agricultural soil, aquatic weeds, drains, dumping yards, STPs, and gaushalas. Tests for antibiotic susceptibility were conducted in addition to phenotypic and genotypic identification of BLs and integron genes. The water and sediment samples recorded an average bacterial abundance of 3.6 × 106 CFU/mL and an average ampicillin-resistant bacterial count of 2.2 × 106 CFU/mL, which can be considered a potent reservoir of BLRB and BLRBGs. The majority of the BLRB discovered are opportunistic pathogens from the Bacillus, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella genera, with Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index ≥0.2 against a wide variety of β-lactams and β-lactamase (BLs) inhibitor combinations. The antibiotic resistance pattern was similar in the case of bacteria isolated from STPs. Meanwhile, bacteria isolated from other sources were diverse in their antibiotic resistance profile. Interestingly, we discovered that 10 isolates of various origins produce both Extended Spectrum BLs and Metallo BLs, as well as found harboring blaTEM, blaCTX, blaOXA, blaSHV, int-1, and int-3 genes. Enterobacter cloacae (S50/A), a common nosocomial pathogen isolated from Yamuna River sediment samples at Nizamuddin point, possesses three BLRBGs (blaTEM, blaCTX, and blaOXA) and a MAR index of 1.0, which is a major cause for concern. Therefore, identifying the source, origin and dissemination of BLRB and BLRGs in the environment is of the utmost importance for designing effective mitigation approaches to reduce a load of antimicrobial resistance factors in the environmental settings.