BACKGROUND: This systematic review delves into the impact of social media on self-perception and the escalating interest in clinical aesthetic procedures, proposing that social media significantly influences beauty standards and increases demand for aesthetic enhancements.
METHODS: Following PRISMA guidelines, a mixed-method analysis of 34 articles was conducted, sourced from various databases, focusing on social media\'s psychological effects on clinical aesthetics decisions. The studies encompassed a broad spectrum, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methodologies, reflecting diverse geographical and cultural perspectives.
RESULTS: The quantitative analysis demonstrated a strong positive correlation between social media usage and the consideration of aesthetic procedures (r=0.45, p<0.001), indicating a significant impact. Specific findings included a large effect size (Cohen\'s d=0.8) for the relationship between time spent on social media and the desire for aesthetic enhancements. Individuals spending more than 3 hours per day on social media platforms were twice as likely to consider aesthetic procedures compared to those with less usage, with a 95% confidence interval indicating robustness in these findings.
CONCLUSIONS: Confirming the reinforcing effect of social media on aesthetic decision-making, this study highlights the complex interplay between digital media exposure, altered self-perception, and the increased inclination towards aesthetic procedures. It suggests a critical need for practitioners to carefully navigate the digital influence on patient\'s desires, reinforcing the significance of understanding psychological motivations and societal pressures in clinical aesthetics. This comprehensive analysis offers pivotal insights for clinical practice and ongoing research into social media\'s role in contemporary beauty standards.
METHODS: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The exploration of the potential relationship between computable low-level texture, such as features extracted from color and texture, and the perceived high-level aesthetic properties, such as warm or cold, soft or hard, has been a hot research topic of neuroaesthetics. First, the selection and clustering of aesthetic antonyms used to represent the aesthetic properties of visual texture are completed through two semantic differential experiments. Subsequently, 151 visual textures are rated according to the selected aesthetic antonyms by participants in a third semantic differential experiment. Third, 106 textural features are extracted using four different image analysis algorithms to describe the low-level characteristics of visual textures. Finally, the construction and evaluation of the visual aesthetic perception model based on multiple linear and nonlinear regression algorithms are discussed. We analyzed the frequency of each aesthetic antonym selected from 20 pairs of semantic antonyms, and the most frequently mentioned 8 pairs of semantic antonyms were selected as the core set for model building. The extracted low-level features are highly correlative. Of the correlation coefficients based on absolute values, 3383 are less than 0.75, accounting for 14.84% of the total. The correlation coefficients were larger than 0.5 accounts for 27.29% of the total. Through neighborhood component analysis, the top 10 low-level features are selected with lower correlation. The gap between low-level calculated features and high-level perceived aesthetic emotions can be bridged by a brain-inspired model of visual aesthetic perception.

Aesthetic assessment of the nose might not be limited to the nose as an isolated facial unit but might be the result of a broader perception of the whole facial image. The aim of this study was to investigate if the aesthetic evaluation of a nose is made by sole observation of the nose or influenced by the other features of the face.
Nose and face photographs of 20 voluntary models were taken from five different angles and merged into a single image of just the noses and whole faces of each model. First the nose and then the face photos were sent to a reviewer group consisting of 100 individuals from different professions to evaluate the nose\'s beauty on standard questionnaires with a four-week interval to complicate the recall process.
Aesthetic evaluation of the isolated nose (Group 1) and the nose with the whole face (Group 2) were compared through Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores ranging from 1 to 10 (1: the least, 10: the highest). The mean VAS score of the Whole Face Group (5.26 ± 1.28) was significantly higher than the score of the Isolated Nose Group (4.50 ± 1.32) (p 0.001). There was no significant difference between the scores of reviewers considering their gender, profession, or experience of having an aesthetic operation previously.
Current study revealed that in the evaluation of the beauty of the nose, the holistic perception of the face is as important as the perfection of the angles and proportions within the nose itself.
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The ability to experience aesthetics plays a fundamental role in human social interactions, as well as the capacity to feel empathy. Some studies have shown that beauty perception shares part of the neural network underlying emotional and empathic abilities, which are also known to affect sleep quality and duration. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the effects of sleep on the relation between aesthetic perception and empathic abilities in healthy subjects using a mediation analysis approach. One-hundred and twenty-six subjects participated in this study. One-hundred and one subjects slept at home (Sleep Group). The remaining 25 subjects were tested as controls after 1 night of sleep deprivation to assess the effects of lack of sleep on aesthetic perception and empathy (Sleep-Deprived Group). All participants underwent one testing session in which they performed a battery of empathy tests and an aesthetic perception task (Golden Beauty). The results showed that sleep duration mediates the relationship between empathy and aesthetic perception in the sleep group. The mediation effect of sleep was more evident on the emotional empathy measures. Conversely, in the sleep deprivation group the lack of correlations among empathy, aesthetic perception and sleep variables did not allow to perform the mediation analysis. These results suggest that adequate sleep duration may play a significant role in improving cognitive and emotional empathic abilities as well as the capability to give accurate aesthetic judgements.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of using the entire face to assess facial profile attractiveness. The secondary objective was to assess the facial profile preferences of orthodontists, dentists and laypeople.
METHODS: Two original cephalometric radiographs of two subjects (one man and one woman meeting the normality criteria) and 16 modified samples of these radiographs were used. The 18 radiographs were then converted into silhouettes and printed twice: the entire profile (A) and the lower third alone (B). The silhouettes were randomly distributed into two binders A and B. A survey was conducted using three panels of evaluators: orthodontists, dentists and laypeople. The esthetic appreciation was quantified according to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
RESULTS: Pearson\'s correlation coefficient was calculated to compare the scores of the entire profile with the scores of the lower third alone. The results showed that the orthodontists panel presented a much better correlation between A and B compared to dentists and especially to laypeople. A comparison of profile scores with the correlation coefficients shows that the profiles with the highest scores present the lowest correlations. The three panels of evaluators preferred the orthogonal profiles or profiles with upper lip protrusion over profiles with lower lip protrusion.
CONCLUSIONS: For profiles with values close to the norm, the lower face alone does not reveal the attractiveness of the entire facial profile. Hence, the importance of using the entire facial profile to assess the beauty of the face.