背景:清洁摔跤垫的最佳实践是使用具有持续抗菌作用的残留消毒剂。最近可用的洗入银添加剂声称赋予织物残余效果。
目的:测试洗银添加剂在减少运动员暴露于服装上潜在感染性微生物中的功效。
方法:4部分对照实验室研究/平行组比较研究:(1)测试运动服中的面料是否会受到不同的影响,我们应用细菌来控制单独在洗涤剂中洗涤的织物,并测试在洗涤剂和洗涤银添加剂中洗涤的对应物。细菌被应用到织物上,提取,电镀,孵化,和计数。(2)看看洗银对各种细菌的影响是否不同,我们单独用洗涤剂或洗涤剂加洗银洗棉质T恤。我们应用了摔跤环境中常见的四种细菌。细菌被提取出来,电镀,孵化,和计数。(3)观察洗银在练习中是否能有效减少细菌污染,32名大学摔跤手与一名穿着经过测试的银色处理的T恤配对,和他们的搭档穿着控制衬衫。摔跤手旋转将衬衫暴露给2、4或8名摔跤手。从T恤上切下相同的织物样本。细菌被提取出来,电镀,孵化,和计数。(4)我们模拟了在比赛期间发生的长时间/重复的细菌暴露,方法是随着时间的推移将细菌直接应用于银处理和未处理的单态材料。以规则的间隔采集测试样品以观察细菌生长是否被银纳米颗粒的存在抑制。细菌被提取出来,电镀,孵化,和计数。
方法:实验室和实践。
方法:大学D3摔跤队。
方法:如果在95%置信度下观察到细菌计数的统计学显著减少,则认为洗银是有效的。
结果:洗银减少了低水平污染时的细菌生长,但在接触运动比赛中观察到的水平时,并没有显着减少细菌生长。对于所有细菌物种和所有测试的织物都是如此。
结论:在摔跤手穿着的衣物的洗涤周期中使用银纳米颗粒洗衣添加剂的环境和潜在健康风险超过了这些运动员的任何潜在感染控制益处。我们目前不建议采用洗银处理作为摔跤计划洗涤方案的一部分,直到进一步测试了将银浸渍到运动织物中的替代方法。
BACKGROUND: The best practice for cleaning wrestling mats is using a residual disinfectant with continued antibacterial action. Recently available wash-in silver additives claim to confer a residual effect to fabric.
OBJECTIVE: To test the efficacy of laundering with a wash-in silver additive in reducing exposure of athletes to potentially infectious microbes on apparel.
METHODS: 4-part Controlled Laboratory Study/Parallel Group Comparison Study: (1) To test whether fabrics in athletic clothing would be affected differently, we applied bacteria to control fabrics washed in detergent alone and test counterparts washed in detergent plus wash-in silver additive. Bacteria were applied to fabrics, extracted, plated, incubated, and counted. (2) To see if wash-in silver affected various bacteria differently, we washed cotton t-shirts with detergent alone or with detergent plus wash-in silver. We applied four bacterial species commonly found in the wrestling environment. Bacteria were extracted, plated, incubated, and counted. (3) To see if wash-in silver was effective in reducing bacterial contamination during practice, 32 collegiate wrestlers paired off with one wearing a test silver-treated t-shirt, and their partner wearing a control shirt. Wrestler rotations exposed shirts to 2, 4 or 8 wrestlers. Identical swatches of fabric were cut from the t-shirts. Bacteria were extracted, plated, incubated, and counted. (4) We simulated prolonged/repeated bacterial exposure as occurs during tournaments by applying bacteria directly to silver-treated and untreated singlet material repeatedly over time. Test samples were taken at regular intervals to see if bacterial growth was inhibited by the presence of the silver nanoparticles. Bacteria were extracted, plated, incubated, and counted.
METHODS: Laboratory and practice.
METHODS: Collegiate D3 Wrestling Team.
METHODS: Wash-in silver would be considered effective if statistically significant reduction in bacterial count was observed at 95% confidence.
RESULTS: Wash-in silver reduced bacterial growth at low levels of contamination but did not significantly reduce bacterial growth at levels seen during contact sport competitions. This was true for all bacterial species and all fabrics tested.
CONCLUSIONS: The environmental and potential health risks in using a wash-in silver nanoparticle laundry additive in the wash cycle for clothing worn by wrestlers outweigh any potential infection control benefits to these athletes. We do not currently recommend adopting wash-in silver treatment as part of the laundering regimen for wrestling programs until further testing of alternate methods of silver impregnation into sports fabrics has been investigated.