新型溴化阻燃剂广泛应用于电子,纺织品,家具,和其他产品;它们可以通过摄入和呼吸进入人体,对人体造成伤害,并已被证明具有潜在的生物毒性和积累效应。1,2-双(2,4,6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷(BTBPE)是一种广泛应用的新型溴化阻燃剂,缺乏对其毒性机理的研究,特别是肠道毒性。目前,关于易洛魁Homeobox3(IRX3)功能的研究非常有限。在我们的研究中,在体内和体外对Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠和大鼠小肠隐窝上皮细胞(IEC6细胞)施用BTBPE,分别,苏木精和伊红(HE),免疫组织化学,阿尔辛蓝高碘酸希夫(AB-PAS),CCK8,吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB),荧光探针,qPCR,西方印迹,和免疫荧光分析。探讨BTBPE的损伤机理,我们使用siRNA沉默IRX3和iNOs-IN-1(酵母提取物-蛋白胨-小麦;YPW)来抑制一氧化氮合酶2(NOS2)。结果表明,BTBPE暴露引起空肠和回肠的炎症和坏死,以及紧密连接和粘液层的破坏。此外,BTBPE在体内和体外均激活IRX3/NOS2轴。沉默IRX3或抑制NOS2抑制细胞凋亡并恢复IEC6细胞中的紧密连接。总之,我们的研究发现,在空肠,回肠,和IEC6细胞,BTBPE暴露通过激活IRX3/NOS2轴引起坏死和紧密连接破坏。阻断IRX3/NOS2轴可有效抑制坏死,恢复紧密连接。此外,BTBPE暴露引起空肠和回肠中的炎症和粘液层的损失。我们的研究首次探索了BTBPE暴露引起的肠道损伤的机制,并发现了由IRX3/NOS2轴调节的新的生物学功能,为坏死和紧密连接提供了新的研究方向。
Novel brominated flame retardants are widely used in electronics, textiles, furniture, and other products; they can enter the human body through ingestion and respiration and cause harm to the human body, and have been proven to have potential biological toxicity and accumulation effects. 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (
BTBPE) is a widely used novel brominated flame retardant; however, there is a lack of research on its mechanism of toxicity, particularly that of intestinal toxicity. Currently, studies on the functionality of iroquois homeobox 3 (IRX3) are extremely limited. In our study, BTBPE was administered to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cells (IEC6 cells) in vivo and in vitro, respectively, and hematoxylin and eosin (HE), immunohistochemical, Alcian blue-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS), CCK8, acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB), fluorescent probes, qPCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence analyses were performed. To explore the damage mechanism of BTBPE, we used siRNA to silence IRX3 and iNOs-IN-1 (yeast extract-peptone-wheat; YPW) to inhibit nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2). The results showed that
BTBPE exposure caused inflammation and necroptosis in the jejunum and ileum, as well as destruction of the tight junctions and mucus layer. Moreover,
BTBPE activated the IRX3/NOS2 axis both in vivo and in vitro. Silencing IRX3 or inhibiting NOS2 inhibits necroptosis and restores tight junctions in IEC6 cells. In conclusion, our study found that in the jejunum, ileum, and IEC6 cells, BTBPE exposure caused necroptosis and tight junction destruction by activating the IRX3/NOS2 axis. Blocking the IRX3/NOS2 axis can effectively inhibit necroptosis and restore tight junction. In addition,
BTBPE exposure caused inflammation and loss of the mucous layer in the jejunum and ileum. Our study is the first to explore the mechanism of intestinal damage caused by
BTBPE exposure and to discover new biological functions regulated by the IRX3/NOS2 axis, providing new research directions for necroptosis and tight junctions.