UNASSIGNED: Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) profoundly impacts patients\' quality of life, causing heightened depression, anxiety, and physical limitations. Surgical removal of the axillary nodes, combined with radiation therapy, is a significant risk factor for BCRL. Smarter axillary surgery, coupled with early detection and fostering lymphedema education, significantly improves BCRL management, promoting timely diagnosis and treatment. A lymphedema prevention program encompassing all these factors can significantly aid in preventing, treating, and reducing the severity of BCRL cases. Therefore, our study aims to share our insights and experiences gained from implementing a lymphedema prevention program at our institution.
UNASSIGNED: At our institution, axillary reverse mapping (ARM) is performed on all patients undergoing axillary surgery. We surveil these patients with pre- and postoperative SOZO® measurements using bioimpedance spectroscopy to detect sub-clinical lymphedema. Concerning education, we use a 3-pronged approach with surgeons, nurse practitioners, and video representation for patients. We have had 212 patients undergo the ARM procedure since 2019, with three (1.41%) developing persistent lymphedema.
UNASSIGNED: Our study underscores the significance of a comprehensive lymphedema prevention program, integrating smarter axillary surgery, early detection, and patient education. The lymphedema rate of 1.41% not only validates the success rate of these interventions but also advocates for their widespread adoption to enhance the holistic care of breast cancer survivors. As we continue to refine and expand our program, further research, and long-term follow-up are crucial to improve prevention strategies continually and enhance the overall well-being of individuals at risk of BCRL.

Introduction Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is vital for diagnosing and treating biliary and pancreatic diseases, necessitating deep sedation typically achieved through total intravenous anesthesia. Propofol, with its favorable pharmacokinetic profile, is the preferred sedative, but conventional administration methods of mg/kg boluses or infusion rates pose challenges. Target-controlled infusion (TCI) systems offer a solution that ensures precise dose delivery of propofol. Despite its widespread use, the literature lacks specific guidance on the target plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol for sedation in patients undergoing ERCP. Methods A prospective interventional study was conducted at the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, Delhi, India to determine the target Cp of propofol for sedation during ERCP. The study enrolled 86 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade I and II patients aged 18-70 years. The primary objective was to establish the optimal propofol concentration for sedation as guided by a bispectral index (BIS) value of 60-70. Secondary outcomes included induction time, recovery time, total propofol consumption, and the occurrence of adverse events (if any). The Marsh pharmacokinetic model guided the TCI pump, adjusting Cp until the target sedation was achieved. Results The mean Cp of propofol to maintain the BIS value 60-70 was 2.21 ± 0.42 µg/ml. Age-wise analysis revealed variations, emphasizing the need for individualized dosing. Induction time was 4.21 ± 0.68 minutes; recovery times were seven minutes (median, IQR: 5-10 minutes) for BIS >80 and seven minutes (median, IQR: 5-10 minutes) for achieving a Modified Observer\'s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation score of ≥5. The mean propofol consumption was 6.24 mg/kg/hr. Side effects were minimal, with 1.16% experiencing transient hypoxia and hypotension. Conclusion The study establishes a mean target propofol concentration of 2.21 ± 0.42 µg/ml for sedation in ASA I and II patients undergoing ERCP.

UNASSIGNED: The course of sedation during drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) depends on the application pattern of the sedative drug. The depth of sedation should imitate light and deep sleep as well. Moreover, there should be as many breathing cycles as possible available for observation during light and deep sedation. The aim of the study was to evaluate different rates of propofol application with respect to the achieved depth and length of the course of sedation.
UNASSIGNED: Sixty-three consecutive patients with obstructive sleep apnea and/or snoring undergoing DISE were randomly sedated by propofol perfusion at seven different application patterns: 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22 mg/kg/h (0.233, 0.267, 0.3, 0.317, 0.333, 0.367 mg/kg/min) per perfusor and individual bolus application 10 mg each. Sedation depth was monitored by BiSpectral Index™ (BIS). The influence of baseline parameters and the courses of sedation were analyzed.
UNASSIGNED: The application rate was the only factor that influenced the depth of sedation. Basic parameters (gender, age, body mass index, apnea-hypopnea index) had no influence on the depth of sedation. The sedation depth was dependent on the rate of propofol application. Regimes at 14 and 16 mg/kg/h as well as bolus application did not reach BIS levels below 50 representing deep sleep. Propofol doses of more than 20 mg/kg/h led to rapid decreases of sedation levels below deep sleep niveau. Propofol rates between 18 and 20 mg/kg/h enable BIS levels below 50 representing deep sleep and providing enough breathing cycles for observation.
UNASSIGNED: Lower application rates of propofol provide slower courses of sedation and shallower depths of sedation. A rate of 14 mg/kg/h might be appropriate to reach a sedation plateau at light sleep. A rate of 18 mg/kg/h leads to a sedation, corresponding to deep sleep. The combination of both rates might be a suitable pattern for performing sedation-controlled DISE.
UNASSIGNED: 2: Randomized trial.

Insomnia disorder is a subjective complaint of sleep dissatisfaction including both night-time and daytime symptoms. Currently there are three commonly used diagnostic manuals each with their own set of criteria, which is often credited for the wide range in insomnia prevalence reported by population-based studies, especially those with self-reported insomnia. However, there are limited studies directly comparing different criteria and little is known about associations with health outcomes. Thus, the aim of this study was to compare the most commonly used diagnostic criteria for insomnia from the literature and to explore the associations with a range of physical and mental health outcomes. We used data from 21,083 women and men from the seventh survey of the population-based Tromsø Study which included adults aged 40-99 years. A revised version of the Bergen Insomnia Scale was used to define insomnia based on the 4th (revised) and 5th edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR and DSM5), the 10th edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), and the 3rd edition of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3). We found the following prevalence of insomnia: DSM-IV-TR 23.6 %, DSM5 8.5 %, ICD-10 9.9 % and ICSD-3 20.0 %. When looking at each symptom, we found over half the participants classified as having insomnia using the DSM-IV-TR and ICSD-3 criteria did not report having impaired daytime functioning at least three days per week. Overall, participants with DSM5 and ICD-10 insomnia appeared to have worse health profiles, based on a higher percentage meeting the cut-off for possible anxiety or depression, reporting a psychological problem or chronic pain, and using antidepressants, painkillers or sleeping pills. However logistic regression models showed largely the same health factors had the same association with the odds for being classified as having insomnia disorder from each set of criteria. Overall, this study suggests that insomnia prevalence may be overestimated if daytime symptoms are not adequately included in accordance with current guidelines.

The United Kingdom\'s Fifth National Audit Project investigated the incidence and causes of accidental awareness during general anaesthesia. Subsequently, guidelines produced by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland provide key recommendations to minimise awareness. These include using processed electroencephalogram for patients receiving total intravenous anaesthesia while paralysed and using audible low end-tidal anaesthetic concentration alarms. The Southcoast Perioperative Audit and Research Collaboration undertook a five-day regional service evaluation, assessing the measures in place to minimise awareness and conducting a practitioner survey. Eight hospitals participated with 382 theatre attendances were analysed. Processed electroencephalograph monitoring for patients receiving total intravenous anaesthesia with neuromuscular blockade has been widely adopted into regional practice, from 23% of cases in the Fifth National Audit Project, to 85% in this snapshot. During volatile anaesthesia, age-adjusted low end-tidal anaesthetic concentration alarms were used in 34% cases. The range was 0-97% at different hospitals, suggesting heterogeneity in practice. Seventy-six per cent of anaesthetists rarely alter the default anaesthetic machine alarm settings. Therefore, instigating default low end-tidal anaesthetic concentration alarms could improve compliance with guidelines and reduce the risk of awareness for patients.

BACKGROUND: Clinical insight (i.e., impaired insight into illness) is increasingly recognized by the scientific community as a significant contributor to an array of psychological and clinical outcomes in schizophrenia. Therefore, its assessment using a reliable, rapid, easy and economic tool is important for clinical practice. This study proposes to investigate the psychometric properties of an Arabic translation of the Birchwood Insight Scale (BIS) in Arabic-speaking chronic patients with schizophrenia. Our objectives were to identify the most adequate factor structure of the BIS among the several measurement models previously proposed in the literature, verify the reliability and measurement invariance of the BIS across sex groups, and explore the concurrent validity of the BIS through examining its patterns of correlations with psychotic symptoms.
METHODS: One hundred seventeen Arabic-speaking chronic, remitted patients with schizophrenia took part in this study. An Arabic translated version of the BIS and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were administered to participants.
RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) showed that, after omitting two items with low loadings (items 1 and 2), the unidimensional factor model of the BIS showed good fit indices and a reliability of α = 0.68 and ω = 0.68. However, analyses failed to show good fit for the full-length one-, two-, and three-factor models of the BIS in its Arabic version. Measurement invariance of the Arabic 6-item one-factor BIS was established between males and females at the configural, metric and scalar levels; no statistically significant difference between males and females was found in terms of BIS scores. Finally, BIS scores correlated significantly with the PANSS scores in our sample, thus demonstrating adequate concurrent validity.
CONCLUSIONS: This study offers valuable additional psychometric information about the BIS based on results of CFA and other analyses in schizophrenia from a non-Western cultural environment. We believe that making the BIS available in Arabic might benefit clinicians working with Arabic-speaking patients with schizophrenia, open new avenues of research and gain a better knowledge into the nature of clinical insight and its relevance to psychopathology.

This paper focuses on Jeffrey Gray\'s theory of anxiety from the perspective of Fowles\' (1980) application of his work to theories of arousal, psychophysiology, and the etiology of psychopathy. Although highly influential, the concept of general arousal failed to find support in terms of between-individuals assessment with multiple physiological measures. Gray\'s constructs of a behavioral inhibition system (BIS) that mediates anxiety, a behavioral approach or activation system (BAS) that energizes behavior to approach rewards, and a nonspecific arousal system that energizes behavior captured aspects of arousal. Fowles (1980) proposed that the BIS elicits electrodermal activity in response to threats, the BAS increases heart rate in response to reward incentive cues, and psychopathy is associated with a weak BIS. The paper reviews Gray\'s impact on future research on these topics, including early proposals relevant to the National Institute of Mental Health\'s Research Domain Criteria. Finally, the paper summarizes the evolution of theories of the etiology of psychopathy since 1980, noting ways in which aspects of Gray\'s theory are still seen in psychopathy research. Patrick\'s triarchic model has emerged as a major theory of psychopathy. Beauchaine\'s trait impulsivity theory of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder also is relevant.

Overhydration (OH) is a prevalent medical problem that occurs in patients with kidney failure, but a specific marker has still not been found. Patients requiring kidney replacement therapy suffer from a water imbalance, which is correlated with mortality rates in this population. Currently, clinicians employ techniques such as bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and ultrasound (USG) markers of overhydration or markers of heart and kidney function, namely NT-pro-BNP, GFR, or creatinine levels. New serum markers, including but not limited to Ca-125, galectin-3 (Gal-3), adrenomedullin (AMD), and urocortin-2 (UCN-2), are presently under research and have displayed promising results. Ca-125, which is a protein mainly used in ovarian cancer diagnoses, holds great potential to become an OH marker. It is currently being investigated by cardiologists as it corresponds to the volume status in heart failure (HF) and ventricular hypertrophy, which are also associated with OH. The need to ascertain a more precise marker of overhydration is urgent mainly because physical examinations are exceptionally inaccurate. The signs and symptoms of overhydration, such as edema or a gradual increase in body mass, are not always present, notably in patients with chronic kidney disease. Metabolic disruptions and cachexia can give a false picture of the hydration status. This review paper summarizes the existing knowledge on the assessment of a patient\'s hydration status, focusing specifically on kidney diseases and the role of Ca-125.

UNASSIGNED: The return of consciousness (ROC) after general anesthesia (GA) is by stopping the administration of anesthetic agents. At present, no drug is given to reverse the loss of consciousness produced by general anesthetic agents. This study is conducted to find whether caffeine and aminophylline hasten the ROC.
UNASSIGNED: This study was conducted on 75 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II female patients undergoing laparoscopic hysterectomy, aged between 18 and 60 years. The patients were divided into three equal groups (Group C: caffeine citrate, Group A: aminophylline, and Group S: saline) of 25 each by a computer-generated random number table. GA was induced with propofol, fentanyl, and maintained with propofol infusion. On completion of the surgery, the neuromuscular blocking agent was reversed and then the infusion of propofol was stopped. The study drug was administered intravenously when the BIS 60 was achieved. Time to achieve BIS 90, return of first gag reflex, eye-opening on verbal command, and extubation after study drug administration were noted. Hemodynamic parameters and SpO2 were also monitored.
UNASSIGNED: The time for BIS 60 to 90 was 10 (4.25) min in the caffeine group, 13 (4.25) min in the aminophylline group, and 26 (9.0) min in the saline group. The time to return of gag reflex and time to extubation were shorter in the caffeine and aminophylline group compared to the saline group. The time to eye-opening on verbal command was shorter in the aminophylline group compared to the saline group. Hemodynamic parameters after infusion of the study drug were comparable in all three groups.
UNASSIGNED: Caffeine hastens the recovery from total intravenous anesthesia with propofol and fentanyl in laparoscopic hysterectomy as effectively as aminophylline.

Postoperative delirium (POD) is an important complication for older patients and recent randomised controlled trials have showed a conflicting result of the effect of deep and light anesthesia.
We included randomised controlled trials including older adults that evaluated the effect of anesthetic depth on postoperative delirium from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. We considered deep anesthesia as observer\'s assessment of the alertness/ sedation scale (OAA/S) of 0-2 or targeted bispectral (BIS) < 45 and the light anesthesia was considered OAA/S 3-5 or targeted BIS > 50. The primary outcome was incidence of POD within 7 days after surgery. And the secondary outcomes were mortality and cognitive function 3 months or more after surgery. The quality of evidence was assessed via the grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation approach.
We included 6 studies represented 7736 patients aged 60 years and older. We observed that the deep anesthesia would not increase incidence of POD when compared with the light anesthesia when 4 related studies were pooled (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 0.63-3.08, P = 0.41, I2 = 82%, low certainty). And no significant was found in mortality (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 0.93-1.35, P = 0.23, I2 = 0%, high certainty) and cognitive function (OR, 1.13; 95% CI, 0.67-1.91, P = 0.64, I2 = 13%, high certainty) 3 months or more after surgery between deep anesthesia and light anesthesia.
Low-quality evidence suggests that light general anesthesia was not associated with lower POD incidence than deep general anesthesia. And High-quality evidence showed that anesthetic depth did not affect the long-term mortality and cognitive function.
CRD42022300829 (PROSPERO).