暂无摘要。

The isolated absence of the azygos vein was incidentally found on computed tomography (CT) examination in a 60-year-old female. The exact anomaly can be evaluated on high-resolution images of 0.4-mm slice thickness with low keV using photon-counting detector CT. The azygos vein, including the azygos arch, was absent, and a mildly dilated hemiazygos vein flowed to the left brachiocephalic vein through the left superior intercostal vein. A hemiazygos vein connected the left renal vein at the level of the first lumbar vertebra. This patient was the second patient to undergo evaluation using volume rendering images. High-resolution maximum-intensity projection images were useful for assessing the anatomy. Radiation dose was decreased compared with that in conventional CT.

Congenital anomalies of respiratory system are quite diverse and not all of them are subject to surgical treatment. One example is accessory lobe of the azygos vein. This anomaly usually has no clinical manifestations and requires only follow-up, as well as attention in surgery on the right half of the chest for some other disease. This situation changes when complications occur, for example, purulent-inflammatory process. Therapy is not always effective, and lung tissue destruction requires surgical treatment. Progressive destruction complicates diagnosis and choosing surgical tactics. We present a rare case of severe purulent-inflammatory complication with abscess in accessory lobe of v. azygos. Anatomical abnormalities following this congenital pulmonary anomaly can cause difficulties in surgeries for other intra-thoracic diseases. The situation is especially relevant for thoracoscopic access. This report will be useful for radiologists, pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons.
Врожденные аномалии развития органов дыхания достаточно разнообразны, и не все они подлежат хирургическому лечению. Одним из таких примеров считается добавочная доля непарной вены, которая в большинстве случаев не имеет клинических симптомов и требует лишь динамического наблюдения, а также учета при планировании операций на органах грудной клетки через правосторонний доступ. Ситуация кардинально меняется в случае возникновения осложнений. Как правило, это проявляется гнойно-воспалительным процессом вследствие прежде всего нарушения дренажной функции бронха. Не всегда воспаление может быть купировано консервативной терапией, что приводит к деструкции легочной ткани и требует уже хирургического вмешательства. Ситуации с прогрессирующим гнойно-деструктивным воспалением ввиду редкого возникновения данного осложнения могут вызвать трудности как при дифференциальной диагностике, так и при выборе хирургической тактики. Представлен редкий случай тяжелого гнойно-воспалительного осложнения с формированием абсцесса в добавочной доле непарной вены. Изменения топографической анатомии при данной врожденной аномалии могут вызвать затруднения и при выполнении операций по поводу других внутриторакальных хирургических болезней. Ситуация особенно актуальна при торакоскопическом доступе. Данная публикация будет полезной для врачей-рентгенологов, врачей-пульмонологов и врачей — торакальных хирургов.

暂无摘要。

UNASSIGNED: Peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are frequently utilized for extended intravenous treatments. However, complications such as incorrect placement into the azygos vein can result in significant health issues. A thorough understanding of these aspects is crucial to enhance the safety and effectiveness of PICC procedures, thereby improving patient care outcomes.
UNASSIGNED: The research was conducted on a cohort of 12 patients who experienced PICC malposition into the azygos vein. Systematically reviewed information on classification, imaging manifestations, potential influencing factors, and methods for identification, prevention, and management.
UNASSIGNED: The analysis uncovered two PICC malposition classifications within the azygos vein, each with unique imaging characteristics. It also pinpointed several factors influencing malposition, offering valuable insight into potential risks. Moreover, it established effective detection methods, underscoring the significance of imaging techniques. Additionally, it outlined strategies for preventing and managing PICC malposition in the azygos vein, enhancing overall comprehension of the issue.
UNASSIGNED: The findings emphasize the importance of taking a proactive stance to avoid malposition and stress the necessity of prompt and precise intervention when malposition does happen, thereby enhancing the safety and effectiveness of PICC processes.

UNASSIGNED: Segmental aplasia of the caudal vena cava (CVC) with azygos continuation is a congenital malformation macroscopically described in mammals including humans, dogs, and rodents. It is usually detected as an incidental finding and the final diagnosis is reached by computed tomography (CT), fluoroscopy, or post-mortem dissection.
UNASSIGNED: A 3-year-old guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) presented with subacute dyspnea. A computed tomographic examination was performed for the evaluation of subtle pulmonary changes previously suspected on conventional radiography, and a segmental aplasia of the CVC with azygos continuation was identified as an incidental finding.
UNASSIGNED: According to database negative results, this is the first report describing a segmental aplasia of the CVC and azygos continuation in a guinea pig by CT.

BACKGROUND: The malposition of central venous catheters (CVCs) may lead to vascular damage, perforation, and even mediastinal injury. The malposition of CVC from the right subclavian vein into the azygos vein is extremely rare. Here, we report a patient with CVC malposition into the azygos vein via the right subclavian vein. We conduct a comprehensive review of the anatomical structure of the azygos vein and the manifestations associated with azygos vein malposition. Additionally, we explore the resolution of repositioning the catheter into the superior vena cava by carefully withdrawing a specific length of the catheter.
METHODS: A 79-year-old female presented to our department with symptoms of complete intestinal obstruction. A double-lumen CVC was inserted via the right subclavian vein to facilitate total parenteral nutrition. Due to the slow onset of sedative medications during surgery, the anesthetist erroneously believed that the CVC had penetrated the superior vena cava, leading to the premature removal of the CVC. Postoperative contrast-enhanced computed tomography of the chest confirmed that the central venous catheter had not penetrated the superior vena cava but malpositioned into the azygos vein. The patient was discharged 15 days after surgery without any complications.
CONCLUSIONS: CVC malposition into the azygos vein is extremely rare. Clinical practitioners should be vigilant regarding this form of catheter misplacement. Ensuring the accurate positioning of the CVC before each infusion is crucial. Utilizing chest X-rays in both frontal and lateral views, as well as chest computed tomography, can aid in confirming the presence of catheter misplacement.

A 63-year-old woman was admitted to our department for the investigation of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. Computed tomography revealed an azygos tumor extending into the SVC. Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) was performed to remove the distal end of the azygos vein in the left lateral position, followed by complete resection of the entire tumor under median sternotomy in the supine position. The histological diagnosis was a primary angiosarcoma of the azygos vein. The patient was discharged without any complications and is now alive and tumor-free 24 months after surgery. In addition, contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed no graft occlusion in the two reconstructed brachiocephalic veins. Thoracoscopic surgery in the lateral position is useful for safe and reliable complete resection of a tumor arising from the azygos vein.

The azygos venous system is a crucial conduit of the posterior thorax and potentially vital collateral pathway. However, it is often overlooked clinically and radiologically. This pictorial essay reviews the normal azygos venous anatomy and CT findings of congenital variations and structural changes associated with acquired pathologies.
기정맥계는 후방 흉부의 중요한 부속 정맥이며 측부순환으로서 중대한 역할을 한다. 그러나, 그 중요성에도 불구하고 임상적 혹은 영상의학적으로 종종 간과된다. 본 임상화보에서는, 기정맥계의 정상 해부학에 대해 알아보고, 기정맥계에서 볼 수 있는 다양한 선천 변이와 후천적 질환에 따른 구조 변화의 CT 소견에 대하여 검토하고자 한다.

Intraluminal tumor in the azygos vein is a rare disease that can cause superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. Radiotherapy and endovascular stenting with or without chemotherapy are reported to have a high clinical success rate for the management of SVC syndrome with malignancy, but a poor survival rate. Here, we report a 69-year-old man who presented with swelling of the face and upper extremities, who was diagnosed with SVC syndrome caused by an intraluminal tumor in the azygos vein. Enhanced chest computed tomography revealed an intraluminal mass with a filling defect from the azygos vein to the SVC, with no extravascular extension or dissemination of the primary tumor. Surgical resection of the mass en bloc with the azygos vein and SVC reconstruction was performed. A poorly differentiated carcinoma was diagnosed on postoperative pathological evaluation. Twelve months after resection, the patient was well with no signs of recurrent disease. This case highlights that surgical resection should be considered as a treatment of choice for the management of SVC syndrome caused by an intraluminal malignancy in the azygos vein.