Benign and malign tumors can affect the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) as any other articulation. Nevertheless, TMJ tumors are rare and mostly benign. Their clinical expression is varied including symptomatology similar to TMJ dysfunctional disorders, otologic or neurologic pathologies. In some cases, they remain totally asymptomatic. Hence, diagnosis is difficult since the symptomatology can be misleading with TMJ dysfunctional disorders or otologic disorders wrongly diagnosed. There is thus frequently a long delay between symptoms onset and diagnosis. The great variety of TMJ lesions explains the wide range of possible treatment modalities, mostly based on surgery. We provide here a review of the lesions originating from the TMJ. Tumoral or cystic mandibular lesion affecting the TMJ through local extension will not be discussed. Osteoma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, chondroma, osteochondroma, chondroblastoma, tenosynovial giant cell tumors, giant cell lesions, non-ossifying fibroma, hemangioma, lipoma or Langerhans cell histiocytosis are all possible diagnosis among the benign tumors found in the TMJ. Pseudotumors include synovial chondromatosis and aneurysmal bone cyst. Finally, malign tumors of the TMJ include mainly sarcomas (osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and fibrosarcoma), but also multiple myeloma and secondary metastases. We will review the clinical, radiological and histological aspects of each of these lesions. The treatment and the recurrence risk will also be discussed.

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BACKGROUND: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) affect the masticatory muscles and the temporomandibular joints (TMJs). TMDs most often result from occlusal and/or muscular disorders and are then called primary or idiopathic TMDs. Less frequently, TMDs are related to local (trauma, infection) or general (rheumatoid arthritis) causes and are then called secondary TMDs. A little known iatrogenic cause of secondary TDM is the osteoarthritis that may be induced by intra-articular cortisone injections. We report one case of condylar lysis that occurred after one single intra-articular cortisone injection.
METHODS: A 62-years-old woman consulted for a long-lasting TMD on the left side manifesting itself through pain and noise. She benefited one year before from an intra-articular injection of cortisone by her rheumatologist for repeated closed lock of her left TMJ. Physical examination showed limited mouth opening with deviation on the left side. Lateral movements on the right side were impossible. The panoramic X-ray showed a condylar lysis on the left side that was on the CT scan. MRI additionally showed an anteriorly displaced and severely reshaped disc and an articular inflammation without intra-articular effusion.
CONCLUSIONS: TMJ osteoarthritis secondary to unique or repeated intra-articular steroid injections are little-known. They are clinically expressed as typical TMDs and characterized on X-rays by condylar lysis and inflammation. Intra-articular injections of steroids are not totally harmless and other treatments must be preferred.

BACKGROUND: Arthocentesis of the temporomandibular joint combined with intra-articular washout and, more recently, intra-articular injection of pharmacological agents has been developed from the 1990s and is nowadays extensively in use for the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunctions (TMDs). The goal of our work was to answer 3 questions: 1. Is intra-articular washout effective for the treatment of TMDs ? 2. What kind of pharmacological agents may nowadays be injected in addition to washout and are these injections useful ? 3. What is the place of these treatments in the treatment strategies of TMDs ?
METHODS: A bibliographic research has been carried out in the PubMed database using following keywords arthrocentesis, temporomandibular joint. The 27 articles published between 1991 and 2016, indicating patient\'s inclusion criterions and objectively evaluating the clinical results (mouth opening, intra-articular noises, pain) were selected. Pharmacological agents were noticed when used.
RESULTS: 1. All authors concluded to the efficacy of intra-articular washout. No prognostic factor for arthrocentesis efficacy could be identified. 2. Main pharmacological agents used were steroids, hyaluronic acid, morphine-based drugs and platelet rich plasma. Superiority of ith-injection protocols failed to win unanimous support. All authors who compared with- and without-injection protocols concluded to the superiority of with-injection protocols, whatever the agent.
CONCLUSIONS: Numerous studies have proven the efficacy of intra-articular washout for the treatment of TMDs resistant to noninvasive treatments. The advantage of any kind of pharmacological agent is not clear. Mechanisms of action are not all elucidated. No pharmacological agent showed any superiority over another. Study methodologies are often defective: imprecise inclusion criterions, short follow-up, confounding variables not taken into account, few comparison between pharmacological agents.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is probably the most complex human joint. As in all joints, its prosthetic replacement may be indicated in selected cases. Significant advances have been made in the design of TMJ prostheses during the last three decades and the indications have been clarified. The aim of our work was to make an update on the current total TMJ total joint replacement. Indications, contraindications, prosthetic components, advantages, disadvantages, reasons for failure or reoperation, virtual planning and surgical protocol have been exposed.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to analyse a series of patients suffering from temporomandibular joint (TMJ) chondromatosis treated in 2 departments of stomatology and maxillofacial surgery (University hospitals of the Conception in Marseille and of Caen) and to make a general review of this disease.
METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study including all the patients treated for a TMJ chondromatosis in one of these 2 departments. Following parameters were analyzed: sex, ages at discovery and at surgery, symptoms, side, imaging, histology, recurrence and any other events considered as relevant.
RESULTS: Fourteen patients could be included: 85.7 % were women. Average age at diagnosis was 40.14 (σ = 13.82; IC95: 32.90-47.38) (41 for women [σ = 14.74; IC95: 33.28-48.72] and 35 years for men [σ = 5.66, IC95: 27.16-42.84]). Average age at surgery was 40.86 (σ = 14.18; IC95: 33.43-48.28). There was no predominance of side; 57.14 % of the patients had a joint syndrome, 57.14 % a tumor syndrome, 28.57 % had pain and 14.29 % had headaches. Panoramic X-ray was informative in 3 cases only. CT scan showed intra-articular calcifications in half of the cases only but arthrosic modifications in all the cases. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) constantly showed intra-articular cartilage fragments. When histology was performed, it found the synovial to be normal in one case and multiple nodules with clear cartilaginous differentiation in another case. One patient suffered from a second contralateral localization 10 years later.
CONCLUSIONS: Chondromatosis has a slow evolution and is asymptomatic for a long time. MRI allows to evoke the diagnosis and to locate precisely the osteochondromas. Diagnosis is confirmed by histology that highlights a synovial metaplasia and more or less calcified chondromas. The main differential diagnosis to be eliminated because of prognostic reasons is the synovial chondrosarcoma. Treatment consists in surgical removing of the chondromas. Evolution is usually favorable.

Some inflammatory rheumatic diseases can involve the temporomandibular joint, such as rheumatoid arthritis and spondylarthritis. The aim of our work was to evaluate the current prevalence of these inflammatory TMJ diseases, to indicate the new therapeutics and to describe the collaboration between rheumatologist and maxillofacial surgeon in these pathologies.

Preclinical trials are essential to the development of scientific technologies. Remarkable molecular and cellular research has been done using small animal models. However, significant differences exist regarding the articular behavior between these models and humans. Thus, large animal models may be more appropriate to perform trials involving the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). The aim of this work was to make a morphological (anatomic dissection and white light 3D scanning system), histological (TMJ in bloc was removed for histologic analysis) and biomechanical characterization (tension and compression tests) of sheep TMJ comparing the obtained results with human data. Results showed that sheep processus condylaris and fossa mandibularis are anatomically similar to the same human structures. TMJ disc has an elliptical perimeter, thinner in the center than in periphery. Peripheral area acts as a ring structure supporting the central zone. The disc cells display both fibroblast and chondrocyte-like morphology. Marginal area is formed by loose connective tissue, with some chondrocyte-like cells and collagen fibers in diverse orientations. Discs obtained a tensile modulus of 3.97±0.73MPa and 9.39±1.67MPa, for anteroposterior and mediolateral assessment. The TMJ discs presented a compressive modulus (E) of 446.41±5.16MPa and their maximum stress value (σmax) was 18.87±1.33MPa. Obtained results suggest that these animals should be considered as a prime model for TMJ research and procedural training. Further investigations in the field of oromaxillofacial surgery involving TMJ should consider sheep as a good animal model due to its resemblance of the same joint in humans.

BACKGROUND: Extrapulmonary and extra-spinal tuberculosis (TB) is rare, even in countries where the disease is endemic. Ten percent of these localizations are cervico-facial. Involvement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is very unusual. We present the features of such a case.
METHODS: We looked for patients managed for TMJ TB in 2 Maxillofacial Surgery departments and in 1 Pneumology & Phthisiology Department since 1992. The second part of the study was a literature review. One case was found in our departments and 15 other cases were found in published data. Most patients were women with mean age of 39.9 years (5 to 68). Pre-auricular swelling was the predominant functional sign, often without fever or change in the health status. The biological and radiological abnormalities were non-specific (osteolysis, joint pinching, etc.). No lung involvement was observed. The joint recovered its normal function after appropriate management.
CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis of the TMJ is difficult to diagnose given its rarity and the non-specific nature of clinical and paraclinical signs. It must be considered in the differential diagnosis for common diseases of the TMJ whether TB is endemic or not.