Amdoparvovovirus(家族细小病毒科)是在食肉动物中引起免疫复合物介导的消瘦综合征的ssDNA病毒。它们是多宿主病原体,并且由于病毒进入是由识别抗体包被的病毒的细胞Fc受体介导的事实而促进了跨物种感染。我们开发了一种全氨苄病毒PCR,并从666种野生食肉动物(Felidae家族,犬科,和Mustelidae)来自纽芬兰或拉布拉多(加拿大),并对鉴定的菌株进行了分子表征。666只动物中有54只(8.1%)是氨甲病毒阳性。美国水貂感染率最高(34/47,72.3%),其次是狐狸(北极和红狐狸,13/311,4.2%),山猫(2/58,3.5%),和美国马丁(5/156,3.4%)。在来自87只土狼和17只赤霉素的样品中未检测到病毒。来自纽芬兰的病毒被分类为阿留申水貂病病毒(AMDV)。受AMDV影响的毛皮养殖场附近收获的水貂的患病率(24/24,100%)高于其他水貂(10/23,43.5%;P<0.001),其病毒与养殖场的系统发育密切相关,而来自其他水貂的大多数病毒都在其他分支中。来自三个狐狸和两个山猫的菌株与水貂菌株高度相关。这证明了农场分散的AMDV随后在野生水貂(维持宿主)中传播,并传播到其他溢出的食肉动物宿主。在拉布拉多发现了两种新病毒,在狐狸(9/261,3.5%)和martens(5/156,3.4%)中发现的拉布拉多病毒1(LaAV-1),在一只狐狸中发现了LaAV-2(0.4%)。LaAV-1满足被归类为新物种的所有要求。LaAV-1与水貂和臭鼬病毒(AMDV和臭鼬氨甲病毒(SKAV))最相似,而LaAV-2与感染犬科动物的其他病毒更密切相关。在某些地区,LaAV-1衣壳蛋白与AMDV几乎没有区别,这表明LaAV-1可能是一种能感染狐狸的野兽病病毒。虽然集约化耕作方法为农场中的物种间传播提供了机会,生态位重叠或捕食可以解释野外的跨物种传播,但是同胞物种之间的竞争减少了直接接触的机会,使这成为罕见的事件。在广泛的流行病学调查中,泛氨苄病毒检测方法可以在定义氨苄病毒的生态学和进化以及发现新病毒方面发挥关键作用。
Amdoparvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are ssDNA viruses that cause an immune complex-mediated wasting syndrome in carnivores. They are multi-host pathogens and cross-species infection is facilitated by the fact that viral entry is mediated by cellular Fc receptors recognizing antibody-coated viruses. We developed a pan-
amdoparvovirus PCR and screened tissue samples from 666 wild carnivores (families Felidae, Canidae, and Mustelidae) from Newfoundland or Labrador (Canada) and molecularly characterized the identified strains. Fifty-four out of 666 (8.1%) animals were
amdoparvovirus-positive. Infection rate was the highest in American mink (34/47, 72.3%), followed by foxes (Arctic and red foxes, 13/311, 4.2%), lynx (2/58, 3.5%), and American martens (5/156, 3.4%). No virus was detected in samples from 87 coyotes and 17 ermines. Viruses from Newfoundland were classified as Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV). Mink harvested near AMDV-affected fur farms had higher prevalence (24/24, 100%) than other mink (10/23, 43.5%; P < 0.001) and their viruses were phylogenetically closely related to those from farms, while most viruses from other mink were in other clades. Strains from three foxes and two lynx were highly related to mink strains. This proves that farms disperse AMDV that subsequently spreads among wild mink (maintenance host) and transmits to other spillover carnivore hosts. In Labrador two novel viruses were identified, Labrador
amdoparvovirus 1 (LaAV-1) found in foxes (9/261, 3.5%) and martens (5/156, 3.4%), and LaAV-2 found in one fox (0.4%). LaAV-1 fulfills all requirements to be classified as a novel species. LaAV-1 was most similar to viruses of mink and skunks (AMDV and skunk
amdoparvovirus (SKAV)) while LaAV-2 was more closely related to other viruses infecting canids. LaAV-1 capsid proteins were almost indistinguishable from those of AMDV in some regions, suggesting that LaAV-1 could be a virus of mustelids that can infect foxes. While intensive farming practices provide occasions for inter-species transmission in farms, niche overlap or predation could explain cross-species transmission in the wild, but competition among sympatric species reduces the chances of direct contacts, making this an infrequent event. Pan-
amdoparvovirus detection methods in wide epidemiological investigations can play a crucial role in defining amdoparvoviral ecology and evolution and discovering novel viruses.