Aim This study aimed to evaluate the potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Aegle marmelos active compounds through a multifaceted approach. The investigation encompasses molecular docking studies, computational pharmacokinetic predictions, and in vitro assessments, with a focus on understanding their physiochemical properties, pharmacokinetics, and molecular interactions. Materials and methods This study was conducted in the Research Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Medical College & Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Tamilnadu, India. The study employed Soxhlet and methanol extraction techniques to obtain Aegle marmelos extracts, which were then subjected to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory assays. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the H2O2 assay, while anti-inflammatory potential was determined via the egg albumin denaturation assay. Molecular docking studies were conducted with human heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and human zanthine oxidoreductase (XO) proteins to elucidate potential therapeutic interactions. Furthermore, computational tools like SwissADME, pkCSM, and ADMETlab 2.0 were utilized to predict physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, providing insights into the compound absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion profiles. This integrated approach aimed to comprehensively evaluate the therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos-derived compounds against inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders, paving the way for future drug development endeavors. Results In the antioxidant assay, Aegle marmelos methanolic tuber extracts showed exceptional absorption of 87.4%, surpassing the reference standard. In the anti-inflammatory assay, the extracts displayed an absorption of approximately 79%, indicating significant anti-inflammatory potential. Auraptene, imperatorin, luvangetin, and psoralen exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic properties and adherence to the Lipinski rule of 5, suggesting promising drug development potential. In molecular docking, imperatorin demonstrated the highest binding affinity to HHO-1 and XO. Conclusion The study on Aegle marmelos highlights its potential as a therapeutic agent due to its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Phytochemical constituents, such as auraptene, imperatorin, luvangetin, and psoralen, show promising pharmacokinetic profiles, suggesting their suitability for drug development. Molecular docking analysis reveals imperatorin as the most effective binder to key enzymes, emphasizing its therapeutic potential against inflammation and oxidative stress-related disorders.

UNASSIGNED: Candida albicans is one of the most common pathogenic yeasts, responsible for causing candidiasis. The use of conventional antifungal agents for the treatment of Candida is reported to be less effective and hence alternative therapies for the treatment are needed. Essential oils of medicinal plants may serve as a strong candidate for natural products in modern therapies.
UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study was to determine the synergistic potential of essential oils extracted from leaves of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa and a potent antifungal agent, nystatin, against three clinical isolates of C. albicans using checkerboard assay.
UNASSIGNED: The antifungal activity of the essential oils of A. marmelos was screened against test cultures by disc diffusion technique. Antibiograms of the test organisms were developed. To determine the minimum fungicidal concentration of the essential oil and nystatin, the broth microdilution method was employed, and a checkerboard assay was used to investigate the synergistic potential of the essential oil and nystatin against the clinical isolates under study. The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation.
UNASSIGNED: The Σ fractional inhibitory concentration values were calculated as 0.12, 0.37, and 0.28 for three different strains of C. albicans used, respectively, which was <0.5, therefore, the synergy was demonstrated between essential oils and nystatin against the test cultures.
UNASSIGNED: Combinatorial therapy of the essential oils extracted from the leaves of A. marmelos and nystatin may be considered a line of treatment for candidal infections.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa is an economically and therapeutically valuable tree. It is cultivated as a fruit plant in southeast Asian countries. In this research, we investigated the allelopathy and possible allelochemicals in the leaves of A. marmelos. Aqueous methanol extracts of A. marmelos exhibited significant inhibitory effects against the growth of Lepidium sativum, Lactuca sativa, Medicago sativa, Echinochloa crusgalli, Lolium multiflorum, and Phleum pratense. Bioassay-directed chromatographic purification of the A. marmelos extracts resulted in identifying five active compounds: umbelliferone (1), trans-ferulic acid (2), (E)-4-hydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester (3), trans-cinnamic acid (4), and methyl (E)-3\'-hydroxyl-4\'-methoxycinnamate (5). The hypocotyl and root growth of L. sativum were considerably suppressed by these compounds. Methyl (E)-3\'-hydroxyl-4\'-methoxycinnamate also suppressed the coleoptile and root growth of E. crusgalli. The concentrations of these compounds, causing 50% growth reduction (I50) of L. sativum, were in the range of 74.19-785.4 μM. The findings suggest that these isolated compounds might function in the allelopathy of A. marmelos.

Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that results in memory impairment. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (AM) is used as a traditional medicine. AM leaves have the potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase activity. This study used scopolamine to induce AD in rats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of AM leaf extract using this model. Motor and memory functions were tested by the motor activity and Morris water maze (MWM) tests, respectively. The density of the synaptophysin and dendritic spines in the CA1 were detected by immunofluorescence and Golgi impregnation, respectively. The hippocampal histology was reviewed by H&E staining. After the treatment, the latency times in the MWM tests of the AD groups reduced, while the motor activities showed no difference. The density of the synaptophysin of the AD groups increased after the treatments, and that of the dendritic spines also increased in all AD groups post-treatment. The hippocampal tissue also recovered. AM leaf extract can improve cognitive impairment in AD models by maintaining the presynaptic vesicle proteins and dendritic spines in a dose-dependent manner.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa is an Indian medicinal plant known for its vast therapeutic activities. In Ayurveda, the plant is known to balance \"vata,\" \"pitta,\" and \"kapha\" dosh. Recent studies suggest anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetic potential but lack in defining the dosage over the therapeutic activities. This study aims to determine the chemical profile of Aegle marmelos fruit extract; identification, enrichment, and characterization of the principal active component(s) having anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential. Targeted enrichment of total coumarins, focusing on marmelosin, marmesin, aegeline, psoralen, scopoletin, and umbelliferone, was done from Aegle marmelos fruit pulp, and characterized using advanced high-throughput techniques. In vitro and in silico anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory activities were assessed to confirm their efficacy and affinity as anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory agents. The target compounds were also analysed for toxicity by in silico ADMET study and in vitro MTT assay on THP-1 and A549 cell lines. The coumarins enrichment process designed, was found specific for coumarins isolation as it resulted into 48.61% of total coumarins enrichment, which includes 31.2% marmelosin, 8.9% marmesin, 4% psoralen, 2% scopoletin, 1.7% umbelliferone, and 0.72% aegeline. The quantification with HPTLC and qNMR was found to be correlated with the HPLC assay results. The present study validates the potential use of Aegle marmelos as an anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic agent. Coumarins enriched from the plant fruit have good therapeutic activity and can be used for Phytopharmaceutical ingredient development. The study is novel, in which coumarins were enriched and characterized by a simple and sophisticated methodology.

Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa 1800, a plant belonging to the Rutaceae family, is extensively used in Tibetan medicine. We employed Illumina HiSeq reads to assemble the complete chloroplast (cp) genome of A. marmelos, which spans 144,538 bp. The genome comprises 114 genes, including 75 protein-coding genes, 31 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes. It is characterized by four regions: The large single-copy (LSC) region (74,253 bp), the inverted repeat A (IRa) region (26,015 bp), the small single-copy (SSC) region (18,255 bp), and the inverted repeat B (IRb) region (26,015 bp). Phylogenomic analysis demonstrated a close relationship between A. marmelos and Citrus. The assembly of The cp genome in this study serves as a foundation for conservation efforts and phylogenetic investigations of A. marmelos, paving the way for future experimentation.

The present research work, green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was synthesized from silver ions using the reducing and capping agents of Aegle marmelos leaf extract. Initially, UV-vis spectrophotometry absorption of the Surface Plasmon Resonance centre at 450 nm was confirmed the formation of Ag NPs. Preliminary phytochemical and FT-IR analysis indicate the identification of secondary metabolised flavonoids that act as the reducing and capping agent of the synthesized Ag NPs. Transmission electron microscope analysis, morphology of Ag NPs shown by transmission electron microscopy is spherical with a size range of ∼30-50 nm. The synthesized Ag NPs were investigate the in-vitro anticancer, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity, results shows the potential activity against the standard drugs. The Ag NPs also revealed the cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. The MTT assay shows the IC50 values at 125 ± 4.26 μg/mL of Ag NPs compared to the untreated cells of negative control. The Ag NPs was excellent photocatalyst act as degradation of environmentally polluted Basic Fuchsin dye within 18 min.

Aegle mamelons (A. marmelos) or Indian Bael leaves possess anti-cancerous and antibacterial properties and are used in the traditional medicine system for the treatment of oral infections. In the present study, the essential oil of the leaves of A. marmelos was explored for its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic properties. The hydro-distilled oil of A. marmelos leaves was analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Monoterpene limonene (63.71%) was found to have the highest percentage after trans-2-Hydroxy-1,8-cineole and p-Menth-2,8-dien-1-ol. The MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay was used to investigate the anticancer activity of the extracted oil against human oral epidermal carcinoma (KB), and the results showed significantly higher (**** p < 0.0001) anticancer activity (45.89%) in the doxorubicin (47.87%) when compared to the normal control. The antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated using methods of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2\'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)). The results showed a significant (*** p < 0.001) percentage of inhibition of DPPH-induced free radical (70.02 ± 1.6%) and ABTS-induced free radical (70.7 ± 1.32%) at 100 µg/mL with IC50, 72.51 and 67.33 µg/mL, respectively, comparatively lower than standard compound ascorbic acid. The results of the molecular docking study of the significant compound limonene with the receptors tyrosinase and tyrosine kinase 2 supported the in vitro antioxidant potential. The anti-cariogenic activity was evaluated against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). Results showed a significant minimum inhibitor concentration of 0.25 mg/mL and the killing time was achieved at 3 to 6 h. The molecular-docking study showed that limonene inhibits the surface receptors of the S. mutans c-terminal domain and CviR protein. The study found that A. marmelos leaves have potential anti-carcinoma, antioxidant, and anti-cariogenic effects on human oral epidermal health, making them a valuable natural therapeutic agent for managing oral cancer and infections.

India has one of the most expanded plant-origin medical traditions in the world. Researchers have evaluated molecules obtained from plants to treat a variety of ailments. Literature review shows that fundamental parts of the plant are used to treat different diseases. The related data is retrieved from Google scholar, PubMed, Science Direct and Scopus. The keywords include Bael, A. marmelos, Vilvam, and Marmelosin. Extensive studies show that A. marmelos has antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, chemopreventive, antipyretic, ulcer healing, antigenotoxic, diuretic, antifertility, and anti-inflammatory properties. In this work, an updated literature review is presented to clarify the current state of research on A. marmelos elucidating its constituents and their most relevant biological activities.
India has one of the most expanded plant-origin medical traditions in the world. A. marmelos Linn, also familiar as bael, belongs to Rutaceae and is widely grown worldwide. A. marmelos is a fruit with various medicinal advantages. We searched various databases, studied elaborately, and understood the importance of this fruit. Thus, its constituents can help mitigate various diseases.

Dengue is an arboviral (insect-transmitted) infection of global concern. Currently, there are still no specific dengue antiviral agents to treat the disease. Plant extracts have been used in traditional medicine for treating various viral infections - thus, in the present study, aqueous extracts of dried flowers of Aegle marmelos (AM), whole plant of Munronia pinnata (MP) and leaves of Psidium guajava (PG) were investigated for their potential capacity to inhibit dengue virus infection of Vero cells. The maximum non-toxic dose (MNTD) and the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) were determined by using the MTT assay. A plaque reduction antiviral assay was carried out with dengue virus types 1 (DV1), 2 (DV2), 3 (DV3) and 4 (DV4), in order to calculate the half-maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50). AM extract inhibited all four virus serotypes tested; MP extract inhibited DV1, DV2 and DV4, but not DV3; PG extract inhibited DV1, DV2 and DV4, but not DV3. Thus, the results suggest that AM is a promising candidate for the pan-serotype inhibition of dengue viral activity.