OBJECTIVE: The accommodation of symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by loved ones is highly prevalent and impactful on treatment outcomes; however, little is known about factors that influence accommodation by romantic partners of OCD sufferers. The aim of this preliminary investigation was to explore such correlates.
METHODS: A community sample of 50 patients self-identifying with OCD (Mage = 29.3; SD = 9.3; 74% female) and 20 individuals self-identifying as the partner of someone with OCD (Mage = 32.1; SD = 12.4; 65% female) participated in this study via an online questionnaire.
RESULTS: Associations were found between partner accommodation of OCD and a range of obsessions and compulsions across the patient and partner samples, as well as patient-reported symptom severity, functional impairment and negative emotion states. Neuroticism was also positively associated with partner accommodation in the patient sample but did not contribute to its prediction over and above other known correlates of family accommodation. In the partner sample, extraversion was found to be a unique negative correlate of partner accommodation.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the vital role both patient and partner factors play in the accommodation of OCD behaviours by romantic partners and the importance of involving loved ones in the treatment of individuals with OCD.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate the association of parameters related to accommodation and convergence and axial elongation in basic intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients and the potential clinical predictors of axial length (AL) growth.
METHODS: A total of 140 basic IXT patients were recruited in this study. The medians of AL growth in different age brackets were chosen to divide the subjects into group A (slower axial elongation group, n = 69) and group B (faster axial elongation group, n = 71). Parameters of dominant and nondominant eyes were compared and analyzed during the 12-month follow-up period. The parameters, including baseline refraction, angle of deviation, Newcastle control score (NCS), accommodative amplitude (AMP), accommodative facility (AMF), accommodative response, positive or negative relative accommodation (PRA/NRA), and near point of convergence (NPC), were analyzed via univariate and multivariate regression.
RESULTS: Subjects in the faster axial elongation group tended to have more myopic spherical equivalents (t = 3.956, p < 0.001), greater AMPs of dominant eyes (t = -2.238, p = 0.027), and fewer near points of convergence (t = 2.347, p = 0.020) than in the slower axial elongation group. For dominant eyes, logistic and linear regression analysis revealed that more negative spherical equivalents (OR = 0.603, p < 0.001; β = -0.045, p < 0.001), greater AMPs (OR = 1.201, p = 0.027; β = 0.023, p = 0.010), and less near points of convergence (OR = 0.883, p = 0.021; β = -0.012, p = 0.019) were correlated with the faster axial elongation. For nondominant eyes, a more myopic spherical equivalent (OR = 0.682; p = 0.001; β = -0.029, p = 0.005) was the only parameter correlated with faster axial elongation through regression analysis.
CONCLUSIONS: In children with basic IXT, faster axial elongation in the dominant eyes was associated with more myopic spherical equivalents, greater AMPs, and lower NPCs. These accommodative parameters can serve as potential clinical indicators for monitoring myopia progression in addition to AL.

The private rental accommodation is a significant contributor to urban housing supply and is densely populated. Despite its prevalence, it has not received much attention in academic discussions. The rental housing market is like a double-edged sword, with both positive and negative aspects. Researchers have identified it as a problematic housing type that requires further investigation and intervention. A mixed research approach was employed to collect qualitative and quantitative data from 384 samples to understand the rental housing market better. The study found that the regulatory and interactional aspects of the private rental housing market have contributed to its problematic features. Although the market positively impacts housing shortages, private rental a source of unsuitable accommodation. To address these issues, the authors recommend regulatory and interactional dimensions of the private rental housing market be addressed through formal intervention and legislation.

Individuals with Down syndrome are known to have a greater prevalence of ocular conditions such as strabismus, nystagmus, elevated refractive error, poor accommodative function, elevated higher-order optical aberrations and corneal abnormalities. Related to these conditions, individuals with Down syndrome commonly have reduced best-corrected visual acuity at both far and near viewing distances across their lifespan. This review summarises the various optical sources of visual acuity reduction in this population and describes clinical trials that have evaluated alternative spectacle prescribing strategies to minimise these optical deficits. Although refractive corrections may still have limitations in their ability to normalise visual acuity for individuals with Down syndrome, the current literature provides evidence for eye care practitioners to consider in their prescribing practices for this population to maximise visual acuity. These considerations include accounting for the presence of elevated higher-order aberrations when determining refractive corrections and considering bifocal lens prescriptions, even for young children with Down syndrome.

Physicians may under some circumstances decline to provide a clinical service that is within accepted medical standards due to a deeply held moral belief that to do so would be wrong. Conscience objection in medicine is legally protected, but ethically limited by physician obligations to put patient interests first. Accommodation to conscientious objections, when possible, recognizes the diverse moral perspectives and benefits for both the objectors and the profession as a whole. When these situations arise, physicians have obligations to respectfully resolve the distress of conscientious objectors while still honoring the primacy of patient care needs.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between accommodation and intraocular pressure (IOP).
METHODS: Systematic literature search and meta-analysis following PRISMA guidelines was conducted on studies analyzing the relationship between accommodation and intraocular pressure. After removal of duplicates, title and abstract screening, full-text analysis was performed to select relevant articles and meta-analysis was then conducted as well.
RESULTS: Of the 1357 records identified, 17 met the selection criteria and were included. Overall, all studies showed that accommodation can influence IOP levels and meta-analysis indicated a significant IOP reduction of 1.10 mmHg (95%CI, -1.77; -0.42) following accommodative stimulus in healthy individuals, albeit with high heterogeneity among studies. Differences in IOP changes between emmetropic and progressing myopic individuals were not significant. Controversial results were obtained in patients with glaucoma with significantly lower IOP fluctuations being noted in eyes with previous trabeculectomy; however, the clinical heterogeneity of enrolled patients among studies made it not possible to combine results. Type of accommodative task, extraocular muscle contraction, head and body position all could potentially play a role in the measured IOP changes with, interestingly, near reading on a smartphone suggesting IOP increase.
CONCLUSIONS: Accommodation has an impact on IOP measurements and, overall, determines IOP decrease in healthy individuals. While such variations might not hold clinical significance for individuals in good health, their impact in patients with glaucoma should be considered. Further studies focused on specific components of such relationship are required to elucidate their individual impact and to define their potential role as non-pharmacological strategies to reduce IOP levels in selected patient categories.

UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the repeatability of the Zernike coefficients in healthy eyes when monocular accommodation was stimulated at different vergences demands.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 36 right eyes from healthy volunteers were prospectively and consecutively recruited for this study. Wavefront aberrometry was conducted to objectively characterize the ocular optical quality during accommodation, from the individual\'s far point to a 5 D accommodation demand in steps of 0.5 D. The repeatability of Zernike coefficients up to the fourth order was assessed by calculating the within-eye repeatability (Sw), the coefficient of repeatability (CR), the coefficient of variation (CV), and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as an indicator of measurement reliability.
UNASSIGNED: Correlation among repeated measurements showed high reliability (ICC > 0.513) for all parameters measured except some fourth-order Zernike coefficients, C(4, -4) (ICC < 0.766), C(4, -2) (ICC < 0.875), C(4, 2) (ICC < 0.778) and C(4, 4) (ICC < 0.811). Greater repeatability and less variability were obtained for high-order Zernike coefficients (CR < 0.154), although an increase in CR in the coefficients analyzed was observed with increasing accommodative demand. No clear trend was evident in CV; however, it was observed that the low-order Zernike coefficients exhibit lower CV (CV < 1.93) compared to the high-order Zernike coefficients (CV > 0).
UNASSIGNED: The reliability of Zernike coefficients up to the fourth order in healthy young individuals demonstrated a strong consistency in measuring terms up to the fourth order, with more variability observed for high-order terms. The Zernike coefficients up to the third order exhibited the highest level of repeatability.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of eye movement in children with anisometropic amblyopia, and to compare those characteristics with eye movement in a control group.
METHODS: 31 children in the anisometropic amblyopia group (31 amblyopic eyes in group A, 31 contralateral eyes in group B) and 24 children in the control group (48 eyes in group C). Group A was subdivided into groups Aa (severe amblyopia) and Ab (mild-moderate amblyopia). The overall age range was 6-12 years (mean, 7.83 ± 1.79 years). All children underwent ophthalmic examinations; eye movement parameters including saccade latency and amplitude were evaluated using an Eyelink1000 eye tracker. Data Viewer and MATLAB software were used for data analysis.
RESULTS: Mean and maximum saccade latencies, as well as mean and maximum saccade amplitudes, were significantly greater in group A than in groups B and C before and after treatment (P < 0.05). Mean and maximum saccade latencies were significantly different among groups Aa, Ab, and C (P < 0.05). Pupil trajectories in two detection modes suggested that binocular fixation was better than monocular fixation.
CONCLUSIONS: Eye movement parameters significantly differed between contralateral normal eyes and control eyes. Clinical evaluation of children with anisometropic amblyopia should not focus only on static visual acuity, but also on the assessment of eye movement.

OBJECTIVE: Autostereoscopic displays have become increasingly common, but their impact on ocular dimensions remains unknown. We sought to identify changes in the crystalline lens dimensions induced by autostereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) viewing.
METHODS: Forty young adults (age: 22.6 ± 2.0 years, male/female: 15/25) were consecutively enrolled and randomly divided into two groups (3D and two-dimensional [2D] viewing groups) to watch a 30-min movie clip displayed in 3D or 2D mode on a tablet computer. The lens thickness (LT), diameter, curvature, decentration and tilt were measured with anterior segment optical coherence tomography under both non-accommodating (static) and accommodating conditions.
RESULTS: In the static condition, the LT decreased by 0.03 ± 0.03 mm (p < 0.001) and the anterior radius of curvature (ARC) increased by 0.49 ± 0.59 mm (p = 0.001) post-3D viewing. In contrast, following 2D viewing, the ARC decreased by 0.23 ± 0.25 mm (p = 0.001). Additionally, the increase in the steep ARC post-3D viewing was greater in high-myopic eyes than low to moderate myopic eyes (p = 0.04). When comparing the accommodative with the static (non-accommodative) condition, for 3D viewing the lens decentration decreased (-0.03 ± 0.05 mm, p = 0.02); while for 2D viewing, the posterior curvature radius (-0.14 ± 0.20 mm, p = 0.006) and diameter (-0.13 ± 0.20 mm, p = 0.01) decreased.
CONCLUSIONS: Viewing with the autostereoscopic 3D tablet could temporally decrease the thickness and curvature of the lens under non-accommodating conditions. However, its long-term effect requires further exploration.

UNASSIGNED: The aim of this study is to analyze the scientific literature about the effect of VR on the accommodative and binocular function of healthy subjects with both normal visual conditions and binocular anomalies assessing the quality of the existing studies to detect possible limitations and improve future study designs.
UNASSIGNED: A search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases with the search equation (Virtual reality OR head-mounted displays) AND (accommodation OR accommodative) AND (vergence* OR convergence OR divergence OR binocular vision). A limitation was made in terms of the date of publication from 2010 onwards, identifying a total of 198 publications. Finally, 15 publications were included in the quality analysis. After a comprehensive analysis of the publications, a quality assessment was performed using a Quality Appraisal Checklist.
UNASSIGNED: Research on effects of immersive VR on accommodative and binocular function to this date was focused on quasi-experimental pre-post studies well written and with results supporting their conclusions. Unfortunately, this scientific evidence provides heterogeneous outcomes, being the results in some cases even contradictory.
UNASSIGNED: Information about the devices, its interpupillary distance adjustment, the software characteristics and type of task performed by users should be better controlled in future studies. Additionally, participants accommodative and binocular baseline characteristics should be better analyzed to obtain firm conclusions about the consequences of the proper immersive VR experience on visual function.