有害酒精消费导致全球约4%的死亡。构成全球疾病负担的主要风险因素之一。酒精对健康有很多影响,如酒精相关的肝脏疾病,肝细胞癌,非肝肿瘤,身体伤害,心脏病,和精神疾病。酒精滥用严重影响劳动力生产力,增加了直接和间接的经济成本。由于饮酒对人口的影响很大,公共卫生导致了一系列减少其有害影响的策略的制定。酒精的监管公共卫生政策(PHP)可以在全球范围内存在,区域,国际,国家,或国家以下级别。有效的战略包括多层次的,多组分方法,针对饮酒和酒精相关危害的多个决定因素。世界卫生组织将PHP分为八类:抗击酒精有害后果的国家计划,国家许可和生产销售控制,税收控制和定价政策,限制饮酒年龄,限制酒精摄入,与驾驶相关的酒精政策,对广告和促销的控制,和政府监控系统。这些政策得到了来自不同人群的证据的支持,证明酒精使用的决定因素取决于几个因素,如社会经济水平,年龄,性别,种族,生产,可用性,市场营销,和其他人。虽然大多数政策具有显著的个体效应,较高的PHP数量与酒精引起的疾病负担较低有关。酒精的过度后果构成了行动的呼吁,临床医生应该倡导开发和实施一个关于酒精消费的新PHP。
Hazardous alcohol consumption causes approximately 4% of deaths globally, constituting one of the leading risk factors for the burden of the disease worldwide. Alcohol has several health consequences, such as alcohol-associated liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, nonliver neoplasms, physical injury, cardiac disease, and psychiatric disorders. Alcohol misuse significantly affects workforce productivity, with elevated direct and indirect economic costs. Due to the high impact of alcohol consumption on the population, public health has led to the development of a range of strategies to reduce its harmful effects. Regulatory public health policies (PHP) for alcohol can exist at the global, regional, international, national, or subnational levels. Effective strategies incorporate a multilevel, multicomponent approach, targeting multiple determinants of drinking and alcohol-related harms. The World Health Organization categorizes the PHP into eight categories: national plan to fight the harmful consequences of alcohol, national license and production and selling control, taxes control and pricing policies, limiting drinking age, restrictions on alcohol access, driving-related alcohol policies, control over advertising and promotion, and government monitoring systems. These policies are supported by evidence from different populations, demonstrating that determinants of alcohol use depend on several factors such as socioeconomic level, age, sex, ethnicity, production, availability, marketing, and others. Although most policies have a significant individual effect, a higher number of PHP are associated with a lower burden of disease due to alcohol. The excessive consequences of alcohol constitute a call for action, and clinicians should advocate for developing and implementing a new PHP on alcohol consumption.